Science Zone

That day was a big relief. This user, Argon; volunteering to sketch the structure of skin bcs no one wanted to do it, unfortunately.

Argon (this user) was afraid of screwin up bcs this was the 1st time drawing it : ( in front of the real skin doctor. Argon relied on my knowledge about skin, BECAUSE I HADNT EVER DRAWN THE SKIN STRUCTURE BEFORE… uh, so tough. But when i gave it a try… with my understanding and courage… with what i learned… i drew it… The doctor just nodded and said "of course”, “yes”, “that way” during the action. That made Argon relieved because it felt like a real approval.

Hi this is my old bio-art, it has a lung 🫁 painting on it (i have no idea what to post, because i don’t wanna make a long explanation about this thing, i’m basically tired).

Wdym :(

What do ya mean the renal artery is slightly larger yesh i know it’s denser bc it has a thich endothelium but size? I guess the renal vein is larger in size… hmm???

I created my own pattern to save the day

My old art: DNA CLONING

Lemme explain what happens here. I tried to recall what ive learned and disclaimer, ai helped me a bit, only a bit for the scientific explanation, however, I always double check the statement whether it’s true or not.

So let’s see the start

The starting components: a bunch of cute bacteria in a colony, which the plasmids are removed. Oh btw plasmid is a circular loop of DNA outside the main DNA to divide/reproduce which is actually an extra dna the bacteria have, a plasmid may contain extra protection like codes to make immune enzymes which are immune to human immune systems, but not all bacteria, but they can share through something called… hmm probably its called pilus… yes it’s a pilus! The plural is pili. The structure used for sharing their plasmids to each other, (think of it like “hey, i’ve got something making ya immune from antibiotics… do ya want one?” but unfortunatuely they dont actyally talk) It’s later a process called conjugation, just learn it by yourself bc this post is about DNA cloning.

So we need some ingredients…

1. Bacteria (the blue ones): These are used because they reproduce very quickly. They contain a main chromosome and small, circular loops of DNA called plasmids (which we discussed earlier)

2. Cell of Interest (cell comtaining gene of interest, the green one): This is a donor cell (like a human cell) that contains the specific gene we want (e.g., the gene for insulin)=the gene which if it’s translated, it will make insulin as the product. This is demanded by the people whose pancreas produces no insulin for their sugar metabolism.

Then we start the isolation and cutting

What will we cut?

So DNA isolation begins when the plasmids are removed from the bacteria, and the DNA is extracted from the donor cell. So we’re gonna cut that plasmid (remember, it’s like a ring) and some of its part is cut just to fit the gene of interest (look at the plasmids in the left side. It’s their original color we made, and once the recombinant DNA is made, some of the part becomes blue (the color of gene of interest we made))

So the next ingredient:

3. Restriction Enzymes: These act like "molecular scissors." They cut the plasmid and the donor DNA at specific sequences.

And here comes the sticky ends: The enzymes leave staggered cuts. Because the same enzyme is used on both the plasmid (to cut some of the genes each plasmid has) and the gene of interest (that one gene we want, extracted from the (human) cell we prepared), their "sticky ends" (exposed bases) are complementary and will fit together perfectly. Just look at the picture please textual format doesnt always help.

So the next step would be: Creating Recombinant DNA

In this step we need more ingredients:

4. DNA Ligase: This is the "molecular glue." It seals the sugar-phosphate backbone (forming phosphodiester bonds) and the nitrogenous bases (forming hydrogen bonds).

So eventually we have: recombinant plasmid: The result is a hybrid loop of DNA containing the original bacterial DNA plus the new gene of interest. Take a look at the plasmids with DNA ligase. It’s the goal we wanna make.

So we stop here? Nah. Wasn’t our main goal to produce insulin on our own? Where’s the insulin then? Just a plasmid? It’s not enough… so we need the last step: transformation and reproduction.

Then……… the recombinant plasmids we made are put back into the bacteria. What will they do? Think of a bacteria. They automatically divide… maybe in an hour? We can make plenty plasmids!

So we put the recombinat plasmids back into the bacteria, and they (and we) start the Mass Reproducing step: The bacteria are grown in large quantities. Every time a bacterium divides, it copies the new gene (because any bacterium that copies itself, the new one must have the same contents as the original one), so instead of the original plasmids, we produce the recomb plasmids!

Protein Synthesis: The bacteria follow the instructions in the new gene to create proteins.

Yay done! Yay!

Once the bacteria have done the work, the results are used for:

a. Research: Studying how genes work.

b. Making Medicines: This is how we mass-produce insulin for diabetics or growth hormones. Yea like what we said earlier! The bacteria helps us mass-produce more insulin producing genes. Thanks to bacteria. It’s like gardening.

c. DNA Isolation: Sometimes we just want to harvest millions of copies of the gene itself for further testing.

Additional note (hehe)

Notice this buddy on my drawing? In the corner… bottom right… YEAH that’s Test Tube!

The quantum mechanics theory

This is including subshell and orbitals. Every shell has subshell(s) in it. When we can consider that shell and subshells as a house and its rooms.

After that we got to know about this Aufbau’s diagram of subshells’ energy levels. The horizontal lines show the shells (e.g. 1s is s subshell in 1st shell, 2s and 2p is s an p subshells in 2nd shell) and the vertical lines show the subshell (e.g. the left side line is for s subshells in every shell).

The rule of filling the subshells:

Take a look. There are four subshells in the configuration. They are s, p, d, and f. The “squares” there are the orbitals and those arrows are the electron. Every orbital can filled by 2 electrons.

If you see clearly the electrons of the subshells, how many the electrons can fill the, each orbital? The answer is:

s=2 p=6 d=10 f=14

Each electron has different quantum numbers. According to Pauli’s Exclusion Principle, rule of filling the subshells, states that no 2 electrons in the same atom can have identical values for all four of their quantum numbers. Later we’ll hit that explanation.

If there’s a question

”Determine the electron configuration of Na and Br (again but different section)”

1. See the energy level diagram. Which is the weakest? How to sort them is follow the arrows

Let’s sort. 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6…

1. By the atomic shells

From administrator’s note, there’s the sketch about atomic shells. The maximum amount of the electrons in each shell is determined by 2n^2 formula, well, the max quantity number of the electrons present in a shell is calculated by that formula.

it means, about their maximum electron amounts:

K: 2 L: 8 M: 18 N: 32 , etc.

There are so many shells which available in each atoms especially atoms with bigger numbers.

In Bohr’s atomic theory, an atom has the shell(s). Atoms’ periods (see the periodic table of elements) based on their atomic shells’ total. For example, Na (sodium) from 3rd period has 3 shells (K, L, and M), and Fr (francium) from 7th period has 7 shells (K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q). However, it’s the explanation.

We have discussed about Na and Fr atom, but if someone asks you

”You have Na and Br! Determine the shell electron configurations of both! (Na and Fr)” or something similarly, how to answer it?

Simple, just sort the electrons in each shells.

Na has 2 electrons in its K shell, 8 in L, and 1 in M. The total is 11. Therefore, Na located in the 3rd period (based on its shells) and the part of IA/alkaline group (based on its valence).

Br has 2 electrons in its K shell, 8 in L, 18 in M, and 7 in N. The total is 35. Therefore, Br located in the 7th period and the part of VIIA/halogen group.

The atomic number of Na is 11, then the first thing you should do is split the electrons into the shells. It means:

Na: 2,

(2 is the max electron total in the first shell)

after write 2, the electrons remain 9. Then split it again for the second shell. Remember the max electron total. It means:

Na: 2, 8,

(8 is the max electron total in the first shell)

after this, the electron remains 1. And the last way you can do is write the valence!

Na: 2, 8, 1.

Exception:

In a day, you will see a confusing configuration of K, when it written like:

K: 2, 8, 8, 1

What’s wrong? Why not 2, 8, 9 Despite the third shell has 18 max electron total, but this rule isn’t applicable to the elements like K and Ca. K and Ca located in the 4th period which called “long period” like the 5th, 6th, and 7th. K (potassium)‘s valence is 1 and it‘s the alkaline group metal (IA). Those periods have lines for the transition groups. Based on the quantum mechanics configuration, the shell before the current shell (especially for 4-7) filled by the transition group elements’ electrons like:

26Fe: 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2, 3d6

Look at it, the coefficient shows its period. Then Fe or iron located in 4th period (by the biggest number in the line). But how about 3d6? Fe is from 4th period but its last electron fills the 3d6 subshell. Yes, 3 shows the place (shell) of its last electron. But before the transition group takes a position, The 3rd shell is unfilled. Also for Ca, its electron valence is 2.

Ca: 2, 8, 8, 2

But for Sc (scandium) from the transition metal:

Sc: 2, 8, 9, 2

Now, is it exactly different?

Unfortunately, this method is slightly incompatible for the atoms with bigger numbers.

How to crack a problem about buffer solution (commonly in chemistry) please contact if the administrator screwed up in something.

WHEN YOU ASKED:

“Where’s the BUFFER SOLUTION(s) among those specimens?”

Where? P, Q, R, S, or T? You just need to find the right ones.

Well, the first step is: determine how many their pH change when the base, acid, or something added.

Well, figure it out!

Did you see the difference among them? Bear in mind,

The buffer solutions can maintain their early pH and their pH are just changing a little. Their main property is: don’t have so much change in pH when we add acid, base, and diluted.

Indeed, we know they keep their natural pH.

Now, look at Q and R solutions! They’re resembling buffer solution’s property. So among them which are the buffer solutions is: solution which marked by Q and R, however the kinds of solutions.

Oh in other hand, according to Wikipedia, administrator has another proof: