AP Euro Study Materials

I’ll continue the list as I find more links

Revision

Last Minute Revision Tips

Revising for Exams

How to Revise Algebra

(GCSE) English Language Revision

Mindmaps for Essay Based Subjucts(English, etc)

Revision Techniques for Different Learning Styles

Alkynesofstudy’s Revision Tips by @alkynesofstudy

Note Taking

Useful Symbols and Abreviations for Faster Lecture Note Taking by @studyquirk

How to Maintain Good Notes by @skeletonstudy

Active Reading and Textbook Note Taking by @studyquirk

Exams and Light Note Taking by @goddesszilla

The Cornell Method by @eyeofravenclaw

Guide to Aesthetically Pleasing Notes by @areistotle

Upgrade Your Notes - Masterpost by @studylou

Math

Math Resource Masterlist(Links to Revision, Test, Exam, and Notetaking Tips)

Biology

Khan Academy:

1. Biology

2. High School Biology

3. AP Biology

CrashCourse Biology

Chemistry

Khan Academy

CrashCourse Chemistry

English/Literature/Writing

Academic Phrase Bank Masterpost by @jwstudying

Guide to Writing Papers by @universi-tea

Planning Out a Paper by @samsstudygram

How to Annotate a Novel Efficiently by @mildstudies

Essay Basics for AP English Lang & Lit by @novanovelist

Writing an Academic Essay (Tips and Advice) by @suhylastudies

Substitutes for “And” by @englitmotivation

Synonyms for “Suggests” in Essays by @justkeeprevising

Synonyms for “Consider” by @justkeeprevising

How to Write Commentary on Both Prose Fiction and Poetry by @smartspo

Types of Narration by @literally-studying

AP English Language Study Guide by @acedemic

Tips for The Literature Student by @a-students-lifebuoy

History

How to Write a History Paper by @thehistorygrad

Tips for Studying History by @universtudy

Tips to SLAY Your AP History Essays by @apeurostudymaterials

Tips for History Class by @night-studying

How to Write an Essay: History Edition by @ccllege

Evaluating Historical Sources by @smartstudy

Physics

How to Study Physics by @markiveelle

How to Study for AP Physics by @365text

AP Physics Tips by @sootudying

Physics Notes and Index Cards by @365text

Youtube Channels

CrashCourse for:

World History

US History

Literature

Biology

Ecology

Chemistry

Statistics

Engineering

Media Literacy

The Amoeba Sisters for

Heredity

Classification and Evolution

Cell Division

Ecology

Cell Structure and Function

DNA Replication, Cell Cycle, and Cell Division

DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthes

Public Speaking

Tips For Public Speaking by @samsstudygram

Public Speaking by @universi-tea

5 Tips For Public Speaking by @lizzylearns

Guide to Public Presentations by @studiousnerd

Public Speaking by @tbhstudying

Class Presentations and Speaking in Public by @nerdytravelingstudent

Memorization Tips by @madelineandherstudies

And Some Great Studyblrs to Follow

Just a few of my favorites!

@lydiastudy

@scifistudies

@socraticstudent

@studylou

@empirestudy

@studying-withsucculents

@the-distracted-student

A note:

after a test in class, go through your notes and star anything that was mentioned on the test

I’m glad you asked! Before getting into my explanation, however, I would like to note that spelling for the name is widely debated. The Habsburgs and Hapsburgs are the same people. Different sources will use one spelling or the other, but they both work!

The first thing you need to think of when you think “Habsburgs” is Austrian/Holy Roman Empire Aristocracy. The set up of the HRE had a bunch of city-state-esqe regions. These city-states were divided into seven elector states, each of which had a vote in who the Holy Roman Emperor would be. It really wasn’t well organized, with all the regional princes fighting each . Starting in 1452, the Habsburgs were the ruling family of the HRE. There was also a good deal of Habsburg aristocracy in Spain, which came in handy during the 30 Years War.

Most of the 30 Years War was a group of Germanic princes and other countries hating the Habsburgs. The Habsburgs were super set on keeping their power and control over their regions’ church, and their regions of influence in general. The Defenestration of Prague is, arguably, the most hilarious moment of the 1600s, during which a bunch of angry Bohemian Princes rejected Archduke Ferdinand as their king and proceeded to throw him and his mates out of an upper-story window into a moat of manure, which softened their landing enough to let them survive and wage war for 30 years. Ferdinand was a Habsburg and the Holy Roman Emperor, and called on his extended family in Spain to come put down the Protestants (who by now had chosen Frederick IV as their king) and their Dutch supporters.

And thus came the end of phase one, the Bohemian phase, and came the beginning of phase two, the Danish phase. It is in this phase we start to see just how much everyone hates the power the Habsburgs had, as Denmark and England came together to fight with the Protestants and against the Habsburgs. Even though they had teamed up with the Dutch, they lost. But their spirits were not yet crushed, and they continued to fight the Habsburgs!

The third phase, known as the Swedish phase, had King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden marching into Northern Germany.

***Side note: Gustavus Adolphus is a great guy to remember for his military prowess, by the way.

He and his forces were mostly there because the king wanted to extend his power across the continent, but he also happened to run a Protestant country, so taking down the Catholic Habsburgs was a pleasure. It went well for a while… Until the king died.

The last phase, the Swedish-French, is where we get some heavy rivalries coming out. Catholic France is pretty scared of the powerful Habsburgs, and there’s always the rivalry between France and Spain (remember those Spanish Habsburgs?). This leads to France’s team up with the Protestants, just so they can stick it to Spain and knock down the power of their neighboring Habsburgs’ power, despite the fact that the Habsburgs are also Catholic. Conveniently, the war, which is really about France vs. Spain now, is fought on German land. Even though the Treaty of Westphalia is signed in 1648, these two don’t stop fighting until 1659.

***Side note: This is part of why we see the 30 Years War being called the last of the wars of religion. Things got more political than religion-fueled towards the end.

The end of the fighting had some real consequences for the Habsburgs. France took some of their land, and allowed them to emerge as a dominant power in Europe (which led to the rise of Bourbon monarchy’s power under King Louis XIV). There was also the matter of losing the central power in the Germanic states. With all of the princes now protected by the cuius regio, euis religio term of the Treat of Westphalia, they were really making their own decisions without the control of the Habsburgs. This totally decentralized the Holy Roman Empire, which further pushed back the unification of Germany to 1871; meanwhile, it gave rise to Prussia by the end of the 1600s.

After the 30 Years War and the rise of Prussia under Frederick III, the Habsburgs decided to cut their losses and work on consolidating their southern and eastern territories in Austria. This required taking out the threat of the Ottomans in the east. The Ottomans, though they managed the siege of Vienna in 1683, fell to a counter attack by the Habsburgs and were forced to accept the 1699 Treaty of Karlowitz. This treaty gave over loads of Eastern European land and the Balkans to Austria’s Habsburg family.

A little later, in 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht gave Austria control of the Spanish Netherlamds and parts of Italy. While the Habsburgs would have loved to consolida their empire, the variety of nationalities, each with their own languages and cultures, made it difficult. Unlike Prussia, they never managed the same kind of tightly-administered empire.

So, let’s review!

The Habsburg family:

-was the major controlling family in Austria

-held the powerful position of Holy Roman Emperor for many years, starting in 1452

-had Spanish relations

-we on the Catholic, anti-Protestant side of the 30 Years War

-lost the war, lost land to France, and lost control of other Germanic states with the Peace of Westphalia

-took down the Ottomans at the end of the 17th century to gain Eastern European lands and the Balkans

-took the Spanish Netherlands and part of Italy in the Treaty of Utrecht

Dear appblrs if you want to save some money and not spend hundreds of dollars on prep books these are some nice alternatives. (Both these files belong to me. )

Spread the word! Good luck studying :) 

SAT 

AP

I REPEAT, DO NOT SCROLL PAST THIS. 

GUYS. THIS IS LITERALLY A MASTER POST OF SAT & AP BOOKS SCANNED ONTO THE LAPTOP. LITERALLY EVERY SINGLE PAGE. AND THE QUALITY IS AMAZING. AND THERE ARE SO MANY. FROM BARRON’S AP BIO TO MCGRAW HILL’S SAT REVIEW. SERIOUSLY CHECK THIS OUT.

When I was in class, my teacher gave us a couple of lists of tips. Here are the ones that I found useful: 1. Take a position and STICK TO IT.


Remember that you need to argue a point in your essay. Nothing is neutral, EVER. It’s fine to note what the opposite argument to the point you’re making might be. However, only do this is you are confident that the way you combat this argument will strengthen your stance.

2. Make your references as specific as possible, but make sure they’re factual.
 Facts strengthen essays. It shows you know what you’re talking about! However, if you’re not sure about a piece of information in terms of accuracy, leave it out. Don’t harm your credibility.

3. Answer the ENTRIE question in your thesis. 
The best way I did this was to underline each part of the question, number each part, then cross that number off once I had successfully addressed in my thesis. Then, of course, you just need to facts and analysis to back it up.

4. Use past tense and third person consistently. History has happened, it’s done. Keeping a clear tense will make your essay cleaner. Same situation with using ONLY third person. For as much as your opinion matters in a DBQ, no using “I” to talk about your opinion, nor using “you” to appeal to your reader. You need to do that through third person only.

5. For DBQ’s, use the rule of “Three groups of three” You are required to show your argument from three different points of PERSIA. Let’s say, worst case scenario, you fail to analyze one of your documents correctly. If you only have two documents in a group, and one is wrong, you’re left with one correct document, and one is not a group. You have then lost major points on your essay. However, if you have three documents in a group, and one is wrong, you still are safe with a group of two!

6. Know how to answer the prompt. I present to you the great page of instruction definitions! Refer to this when you’re not sure how to answer what your prompt is asking of you 

1453  Constantinople is sacked by Muslim forces

1488  Bartolomeu Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope

1492  Columbus encounters the Americas (God, Glory and Gold.)

1517  Martin Luther’s posting of the 95 Theses

1520  Diet of Worms declares Martin Luther an outlaw

1524-1525  The Peasants’ Revolt takes place in Germany

1534  Act of Supremacy passed in England → Henry VIII becomes head of the Anglican Church

1545  Council of Trent begins The Counter Reformation

1555  Peace of Augsburg (cuius regio, eius religio →whose region, his religion)

1585-1589  War of the Three Henries in France

1588  Spanish Armada destroyed by the English and “The Protestant Wind”

1603  Elizabeth I Dies → Tudor Dynasty Ends and the Stuart Dynasty Begins

1618-1648  The Thirty Years War (Treaty of Westphalia ends the war in 1648)

1642-1646  English Civil War (Roundheads vs. the Cavaliers)

1649  Charles I is executed → Oliver Cromwell begins his rule

1660  Stuart Restoration in England through Charles II

1688-1689  Glorious Revolution in England→ William and Mary of Orange replace James II and sign the English Bill of Rights

1643-1715  Era of Louis XIV  The Sun King (l’etat c’est moi)

1689-1725  Reign of Peter the Great in Russia

1756-1763  The Seven Years War

1789-1799  Era of the French Revolution (Radical Stage → late 1792-1795)

1799  Napoleon comes to power

1805-1815  Napoleonic Wars are waged

1814-1815  The Congress of Vienna meets (Main principles: Legitimacy, Conservatism, Compensation & Balance of Power)

1819  Peterloo Massacre in England

1830  Belgian Independence

1832  Reform Bill in England Passed

1848  Revolutions break out across Western Europe (France, Austria, Italy and Germany)

1861  Serfs emancipated in Russia under Alexander II

1870-1871  Germany and Italy Unification

1884-1885  Berlin Conference is held (“Scramble for Africa”)

1894  Tsar Nicholas II comes to power in Russia (the last of the Romanovs)

1905  Sunday Bloody Revolution in Russia → “The Dress Rehearsal”

1914  Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated → WWI starts

1917  March and November (Bolshevik) Revolutions in Russia

1918  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is signed →Russia withdraws from war

1918  WWI ends

1919  Treaty of Versailles is signed

1918-1921  Russian Civil War (Reds vs. Whites)

1922  Mussolini comes to power in Italy and establishes the 1st Fascist government

1922  Russia officially becomes known as the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) → The Soviet Union

1923  Adolf Hitler leads the Beer Hall Putsch in Germany

1924  Lenin dies

1928  Stalin is firmly entrenched as the leader of the Soviet Union → begins the first of several 5 year plans

1929  Stock Market Crash in the US → The Great Depression begins

1933  Hitler comes to power in Germany

1938  Munich Conference (Peace in our time→Neville Chamberlain)

1939  World War II starts with Germany’s invasion of Poland

1945  World War II ends (V-E Day → May 8, 1945 and V-J Day → August 15, 1945)

1945  First session of the United Nations is held

1945-1989  Cold War (U.S. vs. S.U. begins and begins to end in Poland)

POST WW II  Decolonization → European colonies become independent

1946  Winston Churchill gives the “Iron Curtain” speech

1948-1949 Operation Vittles→the Berlin Airlift

1949  USSR successfully tests first atomic bomb

1951  European Coal and Steel Community formed (sounds like the Zollverein)

1953  Stalin dies and is succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev → destalinization begins

1954  French forces defeated in French-Indochina at Dien Bien Phu

1956  Hungarian revolt against the Soviet Union → it is crushed by the Soviets

1957  Rome Treaty is signed → The European Economic Community (EEC) is created = Common Market

1957  Sputnik is launched by the Soviet Union → the first space satellite

1958  The fifth Republic is born in France and Charles de Gaulle becomes President

1961  Berlin Wall built → dividing East and West Berlin

1961  Soviet Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space

1962  Cuban Missile Crisis → 90 miles off the coast of Florida

1963  Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique is published

1964  Leonid Brezhnev becomes leader of the Soviet Union

1966  Under President Charles de Gaulle, France withdraws from the common NATO military command

1968  “Prague Spring” occurs in Czechoslovakia → it is crushed by the Soviets

1968  Student revolt in France (Paris)

1978  Pole Karol Wojtyla elected Pope → Pope John Paul II → 1st non-Italian in 455 years

1979  Margaret Thatcher becomes the first female Prime Minister of England (“The Iron Lady”) (Mags loathes no one more than this heinous twat)

1979  The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan (eventually becomes their own “little Vietnam”)

1980  1st independent labor union in the Soviet Bloc formed  “Solidarity” led by Lech Walesa of Poland

1980  Ronald Reagan elected President of the US (calls the Soviet Union an “evil empire”)

1985  Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader (implements policies of perestroika and glasnost)

1986  Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident in the Soviet Union (specifically the Ukraine)

1989  Berlin Wall comes down

1989  The “Velvet Revolution” occurs in Czechoslovakia → Vaclav Havel becomes President

1989  The Soviet Union withdraws its forces from Afghanistan

1989  Romanian leader Nicolai Ceausescu is overthrown and killed

1990  Lech Walesa becomes President of Poland

1990  East Germany and West Germany reunify into one Germany

1990  The first McDonalds opens in Russia

1991  Attempted coup attempt in the Soviet Union → The Soviet Union begins to disintegrate

1991  Boris Yeltsin becomes President of Russia → former 15 republics of the Soviet Union form the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.)

1991  Yugoslavia begins to break apart

1992  Maastricht Treaty signed

1997  Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister of England → 1st Labor Party leader in 18 years