How To Survive AP European History

so this is the second time I am typing this cuz it randomly disappeared into the wormhole of the internet and didn’t save for some reason. So basically these are my notes on the Cold War and Post-Cold War Europe 

more notes.. YAY!!!

CAUSES

black death = basically the end of the nobles and the rise of the kings 

europe isn’t alone anymore cuz of the crusades and is now interacting and getting new ideas and spreading new ones 

wealthy merchants are getting big cuz of trade and are now using arts and writing to show their wealth

the competition leads to more education and art 

WHY ITALY?

well they are right SMACK in the middle of the Mediterranean sea (MARE NOSTRUM) and basically are at the best location for trade. 

ITALIANS WHO KICKED ASS 

all of the di’ Medicis

literally they were the coolest

they were bankers who were patrons of the art 

pretty much ran all of Florence (oligarchies) 

sponsored libraries, the arts, the Socratic school there 

it reached its peak under Lorenzo the Magnificent 

MEDIEVAL VS. RENAISSANCE MIND SET 

medieval

God is the fucking best and were all puny humans

we have no purpose and are pretty much insignificant 

even art was for god and not for the glory of the individual artists 

spiritual values and salvation 

renaissance

people are like the bets thing so set foot on this earth 

we gotta focus on the individual and we are awesome

people became focused on themselves and the merit

new idea of an “ideal renaissance man”

well rounded 

full range of human abilities

people interested in their material possessions: expensive foods, fine music and arts 

THE GREEKS AND ROMANS WERE COOL TOO (HUMANISM)

new focus on secularism and not on religion 

people revering back to the classical text from Greeks and Romans

studying literature, rhetoric, and history from the classics 

Lorenzo Valla 

proved that the Donation of Constantine was a sloppy forgery and made the church look stupid

MORE HUMANISM 

the humanist during the Renaissance used the classics to study human nature and use it practically (ehem common core ehem) 

taught things like history, grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy form the Roman and Greek classics 

believe that this new curriculum would influence the future youth -__-

CASTIGLIONE

wrote The Courtier

spoke about how upper class men and women could become courtiers 

it was like a guide to be rich and noble 

Men

charming, witty, can dance, sing, play music, physically graceful and strong 

Women

don’t seek fame as men do 

be perfectly well rounded but hold your tongues 

be well educated but do not act upon it 

expected to be an ornament of her husband or father

THE PRINCE 

Italy

in 1492 when Lorenzo died everything fell to shit 

then in the Hapsburg-Valois Wars France and Spain fought over Italy 

Machiavelli 

Florentine diplomat 

believed that Italy needed a ruler who was ruthless and could unite Italy during this turmoil 

wrote The Prince to explain this 

The Perfect Prince 

Eugene Fitzherbert 

Li Shang 

or…. 

the prince must do whatever it takes to get stuff done 

he though humans were evil, selfish,and corrupt and the ruler needed to be strong and shrewd to keep the peace

the end justifies the means 

ART 

Patrons

Catholic church 

guilds 

wealthy families

art used to display wealth and fame 

Characteristics

Perspective

depth om a flat surface 

Chiaroscuro 

blending of light and shade 

creates volume 

real people in real space 

Pyramid Configuration 

3D configurations to create symmetry and balance 

Classical forms and Christian Subjects 

revive standards of beauty- perfect people 

combined classical forms with Christian themes 

EXAMPLES OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE 

Leon Battista Alberti, The West Facade of Sant’ Andrea 

roman arch with Corinthian pilasters that supported a pediment inspired by the classical design 

break with Christian traditions because of the Christian building with Roman designs 

Michelangelo, David

focused on the beauty and perfection of the human 

the perfect body emphasizes the Greek influence 

in a strong pose rather than serene like in Greek times 

Raphael, The School of Athens 

has a 3D view 

physical representation of past philosophers from the classics 

also includes popular philosophers of the time

focused on unity, symmetry, and order 

WOMEN 

humanists began to debate about women’s character, nature and role in society 

Christine De Pizan 

the first feminist 

wrote a history of women to get rid of the male perspective eon women 

Isabella D’Est 

most famous Renaissance women 

large patron of the arts 

found some notes I took on this before midterms and deemed they weren’t completely useless, so here you go 

CRISES 

1. the Black Death or Bubonic Plague (1400s)

caused by famine and closed quarters 

killed millions of people

started in Florence and spread through Europe

origins in China came on rats on ships 

three types pf people:

flagellants: religious people who beat themselves up thinking God would forgive them for whatever sin they committed

partiers: the people who were like fuck it we’re all dying anyway might as well enjoy it 

recluses: the people who were rich enough to lock themselves up in their fancy castles and not talk to anyone and come into contact with anything 

less people = less food

serfdom was now dying 

nobility losing power

kings are gaining power

the middle class is forming 

2. Reformers 

link to the reformation hipsters post ^^^

Jan Hus and John Wycliffe were badass reformers

 Hussites and Lollards

building towards the reformation 

3. THE MOTHA EFFIN CHURCH (1300s-1400s)

this is where it all starts 

The Great Schism 

basically 2 popes are crowned 

AT THE SAME TIME

council of Pisa is like this BS needs to stop and gets rid of them both and elects a new one 

when the church was like half in Avignon its known as the Babylonian captivity 

Church and State

Philip the Fair vs. Boniface 

Unam Sanctam (1302)

Boni is like you guys can’t tax the clergy we’re the messengers of god and shit 

and then Phillip is like ok sure whatever you say and continues to tax them

Boni tries to fight back but…….

state is now stronger that the church  

and we have a shift in the balance of power 

OTHER STUFF THAT HAPPENED THAT WAS KINDA IMPORTANT 

1. 100 Years War 

France vs. England 

arguing over:

land rights 

throne rights 

and nationalism (its even caused problems back then) 

FRANCE WIN (VIVE LA FRANCE)

both sides pretty much suffer huge losses because of the war in general 

2. Vernacular Literature 

people are now not dumb idiots 

they became smarter 

they started to think for themselves 

the problems in the church were caused by people now questioning things (Socratic method anyone?) 

found some notes I took on this before midterms and deemed they weren’t completely useless, so here you go 

CRISES 

1. the Black Death or Bubonic Plague (1400s)

caused by famine and closed quarters 

killed millions of people

started in Florence and spread through Europe

origins in China came on rats on ships 

three types pf people:

flagellants: religious people who beat themselves up thinking God would forgive them for whatever sin they committed

partiers: the people who were like fuck it we’re all dying anyway might as well enjoy it 

recluses: the people who were rich enough to lock themselves up in their fancy castles and not talk to anyone and come into contact with anything 

less people = less food

serfdom was now dying 

nobility losing power

kings are gaining power

the middle class is forming 

2. Reformers 

link to the reformation hipsters post ^^^

Jan Hus and John Wycliffe were badass reformers

 Hussites and Lollards

building towards the reformation 

3. THE MOTHA EFFIN CHURCH (1300s-1400s)

this is where it all starts 

The Great Schism 

basically 2 popes are crowned 

AT THE SAME TIME

council of Pisa is like this BS needs to stop and gets rid of them both and elects a new one 

when the church was like half in Avignon its known as the Babylonian captivity 

Church and State

Philip the Fair vs. Boniface 

Unam Sanctam (1302)

Boni is like you guys can’t tax the clergy we’re the messengers of god and shit 

and then Phillip is like ok sure whatever you say and continues to tax them

Boni tries to fight back but…….

state is now stronger that the church  

and we have a shift in the balance of power 

OTHER STUFF THAT HAPPENED THAT WAS KINDA IMPORTANT 

1. 100 Years War 

France vs. England 

arguing over:

land rights 

throne rights 

and nationalism (its even caused problems back then) 

FRANCE WIN (VIVE LA FRANCE)

both sides pretty much suffer huge losses because of the war in general 

2. Vernacular Literature 

people are now not dumb idiots 

they became smarter 

they started to think for themselves 

the problems in the church were caused by people now questioning things (Socratic method anyone?) 

Ok so to break this down into pieces.

The Thirty Years War: it happened in Germany

Causes:

-The princes and the emperor’s didn’t exactly get along and the HRE overall was pretty divided  

-The Lutherans had more success than the Catholics in gaining rights and the Catholics got angry about it

-There was also tension between the different protestant groups

-The Calvinists gained some power with Frederick III who made the official religion in the Palatinate calvinism that became a serious threat to the catholics and also the Lutherans

-During this time period the counter-reformation was pretty big and the Jesuits had a stronghold in Bavaria. Maximilian I, duke of Bavaria organized the Catholic league which was supposed to prevent Protestant system of alliances. They started organizing an army and basically that was a declaration of war in itself

The Bohemian Phase:

-A Catholic came to the throne in Bohemia and wanted to get rid of the Protestants. In response Bohemian Protestants threw the catholic representatives of the emperor out a window. They technically weren’t injured physically but it probably hurt their pride. (ps one of my favorite events in history) This is known as the Defenestration of Prague

-It was essentially the protestant princes vs the catholic emperor

-Frederick V vs.Ferdinand II

-the Princes lost at the bottom of White Mountain and the protestants were enraged

-Frederick V took back Bohemia and the Palatinate

The Danish Phase:

-King Christian IV tried to help but was crushed by Maximilian and his army.

-denmark was defeated and the HRE was aided by General Wallenstein who completely crushed protestant resistance

-Edict of Restitution

-made Calvinism even more illegal

-made the lutherans give back land

The Swedish Phase

-Now comes the lord and savior of the weaklings that the protestants were in this war: Gustavus Adolphus

-he was supported by Richelieu and the Dutch who both wanted to see the Habsburgs fail

-he brought new ingenious tactics and at the Battle of Lutzen (1632) he won, changing the tide of the war

-he was killed in battle and his buddy Wallenstein was assassinated by order cuz Emperor Ferdinand II was getting nervous about his power

-the swedes end up victorious in this

The Swedish-Franco Phase

-France openly joined in 1635 because they are afraid of a Habsburg sandwich.

-the war dragged on for another 13 years and Germany was devastated

Results/Overall:

-the war went from religious to political real quick

-the Peace of Westphalia

-the Habsburg family suffered a setback and the Calvinists gained their rights in the HRE

-it ended the period of wars of religion

Well there are a whole bunch of important ones but teh key ones are:

Peace of Augsburg (1555) 

gave German Princes the right to chose their own religion for their region (cuius regio euius religio) 

only allowed to chose between Catholicism of Lutheranism 

NO CALVINISM WAS ALLOWED 

Edict of Nantes (1598) 

put into plac by politique Henry IV 

gave religious tolerance to french protestants (Huguenots) 

revoked by Louis XIV - because of his belif in reliious unity 

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

ended Thirty Years War 

recognized Calvinism as a acceptable religion 

recognized independent authority over 200 German states 

Germany was politically still fragmented and torn apart 

Sweden gained territory and became a major power 

Netherlands were recognized as independent 

Peace of Utrecht (1713) 

ended Louis XIV’s attempts to dominate Europe 

Charles V was on the throne in Spain but couldn’t hold the French crown as well 

Spanish Netherlands (the Catholic ones) were given to Austrian Habsburgs 

England got a whole bunch of new territories 

Pragmatic Sanction (1713) 

guaranteed that Maria Theresa would be the successor to HRE Charles VI 

indivisibility of lands 

Broken when Frederick the Great of Prussia invaded Silesia 

Congress of Vienna (1815) 

post French revolution 

settlement that was equal to France and the other powers 

Balance of Power that would exist till the Unification of Germany 

used legitimacy to restore the Bourbons to the thrones 

Belgium + Netherlands = Kingdom of the Netherlands

loose confederation of 39 German states 

Berlin Conference (1884-1885)

led by Bismarck 

established rules over the “scramble for Africa” 

a country would have to establish control for that colony to be theirs 

Congo Free State was given to Leopold III

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Both Germany and Communist Russia were NOT allowed to participate in the negotiations 

Germany was guilty and had to pay for all reparations 

Austro-Hungarian empire divided into states  ( Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia) 

League of nations created to settle disputes 

bitterness and resentment between the victors and Germany 

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918) 

ended Bolshevik Russia’s participation in the war 

negotiated by Vladimir Lenin who did’t want to continue a war that could not be won 

there were heavy payments but he wanted out 

it was repealed following Germany’s defeat

The Locarno Pact (1925)

France and Germany acknowledge and reinforce the borders set by the Treaty of Versailles 

Kellogg-Briand Pact (1925)

war is no longer a means of national policy 

violated during the 1930s 

Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (1939)

Stalin and Hitler agreed on a 10 year nonaggression pact 

also secretly decided to divide Eastern Europe between them 

North Atlantic Pact (1949)

established NATO 

implemented Truman’s policy of containment 

Treaty of Rome (1957)

created the European Economic Community (EEC) 

Helsinki Accords (1975) 

ratified territorial boundaries after WWII 

Maastricht Treaty (1991) 

created the European Union (EU) or the Common Market 

established the Euro in 1999

Good Luck!

Ok Well there are a lot of things going n here so I’ll focus on the Enlightenment and maybe add some Scientific Revolution as well 

Castiglione- wrote the Courtier,basically a guide on how to act like a lady or gentleman. 

Machiavelli- the end justifies the means, was from Italy, wrote The Prince during the unrest, believed people needed to give up certain rights to achieve peace, 

Erasmus- wrote In Praise of Folly, wanted to reform the church, Northern Humanist. who wrote in Latin 

Montaigne- developed the essay 

Copernicus- heliocentric theory wrote On Revolution of Heavenly Spheres 

Kepler- assistant to Brahe who wanted to prove Copernicus wrong, used Brahe’s data to prove Copernicus right 

Galileo- used astronomy to prove Copernicus was right, retracted his beliefs when the pope threatened him 

Newton- wrote Principia, strong mathematical position towards things, related heavily to Deism 

Bacon- developed the inductive/empirical method in which is based on observation 

Descartes- developed the deductive method (the Science of Deduction- Sherlock anyone?) 

Hobbes- born on eve of Spanish Armada, “my mother gave birth to twins me and fear”, thought people were evil and needed an absolute ruler to control them, wrote Leviathan 

Locke- wrote Second Treatise of Government, believe people were born with a blank slate and corrupted by society, people have basic rights: life, liberty and property, if taken away people have the right to revolt 

Montesquieu- separation of powers in government 

Voltaire- championed principle of reason, progress, toleration , and individual liberty, criticized organized religion for perpetuating superstition

Rousseau- wrote the Social Contract, believe in a free education system in which there is no set curriculum, wrote about that in Emile, believed that the law was the expression of the communities will, rejected rationalism and promoted emotions 

Good Luck!

ah yesss the complete opposites.. let’s start with Hobbes:

Thomas Hobbes

he was literally born into chaos

born on the eve of the Spanish Armada (1588)

one of his quotes is “my mother gave birth to twins: myself and fear”

so yeah basically Hobbes thought all people were evil

his famous book is the Leviathan

going off of the evil thing he said that people were naturally self centered and gross 

also that us humans engage in a “perpetual and restless desire” for power

so basically this ^^^

as for the government he believed that people need to give up their liberties to the government so they could have order and peace.

he thought people alone just would kill each other and not even exist as a civilization

John Locke (not to be confused with johnlock which honestly has happened way too many times with me and my friends)

so his book/paper/thing/idk what it is exactly is the Second Treatise of Government

bonus US fact: Locke is like the babe of the colonies. Literally every one and I mean EVERYONE loved him. the declaration of Independence is kinda based on all of his ideas

OMG OK NATURE VS NURTURE GOING ON HERE

so Locke thought that all people were products of their situation aka their training, experiences, and education

he also believed people were born with a blank slate or tabula rasa

so for him all people were creatures of goodwill and reason

NATURALLL RIGHTTSSSSSS = life, liberty, and property

these were rights that every person was supposed to have (well….as long as you were a whit male who owned some land) 

and finally his stance government: he was more for a limited government

he believed that if the government wasn’t fulfilling your natural rights that you, as a person, had the right to overthrow the government.

Hope this helps!!!

MORE OPPOSITEEESSS (wow I need to calm down) 

absolutist = absolute power

the monarch has no restraints or rules

so all the citizens are like: 

ok then we have parliamentary

so the biggest different here is that the monarch doesn’t have full and complete power over everything

there is a set of rules or other forms of representation that limit the monarch

so everyone’s like (apparently this person is calm):

Hope this helps!!!

Hello!!! firstly you’re welcome, honestly this is the most productive way I procrastinate. I totally have a physics quiz I should be studying for so yeahh….

Ok so firstly the Netherlands were included in the Northern Renaissance so here is my rundown of that. There’s that and now here are some points on the Netherlands

GOLDEN AGESSSS

these tend to happen during prosperity included good trade, the spread of new ideas, and a strong ruler. 

The dutch were super big for TRADE.

little known fact: Amsterdam was the biggest mid 17th century capital of Europe. It wasn’t London or Paris 

Trade was their number #1 livelihood as they were able to trade with the Chinese when most others weren’t allowed

The Dutch Republic (1600-1689)

Politics

all provinces were politically independent

there were no absolute rulers but wealthy merchants had the power

Religion

CALVINISM = RELIGION

all religions had freedom even Jews

religious tolerance = economic success

Economic Prosperity

leading commercial power 

as stated before AMSTERDAM = FINANCIAL CENTER OF EUROPE

this was until French Revolution

Shipbuilding was a big deal and they had the largest fleet in the world

the dutch are now the bankers (no more Italians) 

The Amsterdam Exchange Bank (1609) as the safest and soundest bank

Dutch East Indies Company = control of the spice trade win he East Indies

ART

didn’t have baroque art because it was mainly protestant

artists turned to merchants who wanted paintings of themselves and their wealth

focus on the individual and everyday life

a lot of artists like: Frans Hals, Rembrandt, and Jan Vermeer led the golden age of art

Decline

wars with England and France damaged the Dutch

as they declined England and France became dominant

SHIFT IN BALANCE OF POWER

Hope this helps!!

1453  Constantinople is sacked by Muslim forces

1488  Bartolomeu Diaz rounds the Cape of Good Hope

1492  Columbus encounters the Americas (God, Glory and Gold.)

1517  Martin Luther’s posting of the 95 Theses

1520  Diet of Worms declares Martin Luther an outlaw

1524-1525  The Peasants’ Revolt takes place in Germany

1534  Act of Supremacy passed in England → Henry VIII becomes head of the Anglican Church

1545  Council of Trent begins The Counter Reformation

1555  Peace of Augsburg (cuius regio, eius religio →whose region, his religion)

1585-1589  War of the Three Henries in France

1588  Spanish Armada destroyed by the English and “The Protestant Wind”

1603  Elizabeth I Dies → Tudor Dynasty Ends and the Stuart Dynasty Begins

1618-1648  The Thirty Years War (Treaty of Westphalia ends the war in 1648)

1642-1646  English Civil War (Roundheads vs. the Cavaliers)

1649  Charles I is executed → Oliver Cromwell begins his rule

1660  Stuart Restoration in England through Charles II

1688-1689  Glorious Revolution in England→ William and Mary of Orange replace James II and sign the English Bill of Rights

1643-1715  Era of Louis XIV  The Sun King (l’etat c’est moi)

1689-1725  Reign of Peter the Great in Russia

1756-1763  The Seven Years War

1789-1799  Era of the French Revolution (Radical Stage → late 1792-1795)

1799  Napoleon comes to power

1805-1815  Napoleonic Wars are waged

1814-1815  The Congress of Vienna meets (Main principles: Legitimacy, Conservatism, Compensation & Balance of Power)

1819  Peterloo Massacre in England

1830  Belgian Independence

1832  Reform Bill in England Passed

1848  Revolutions break out across Western Europe (France, Austria, Italy and Germany)

1861  Serfs emancipated in Russia under Alexander II

1870-1871  Germany and Italy Unification

1884-1885  Berlin Conference is held (“Scramble for Africa”)

1894  Tsar Nicholas II comes to power in Russia (the last of the Romanovs)

1905  Sunday Bloody Revolution in Russia → “The Dress Rehearsal”

1914  Archduke Franz Ferdinand is assassinated → WWI starts

1917  March and November (Bolshevik) Revolutions in Russia

1918  Treaty of Brest-Litovsk is signed →Russia withdraws from war

1918  WWI ends

1919  Treaty of Versailles is signed

1918-1921  Russian Civil War (Reds vs. Whites)

1922  Mussolini comes to power in Italy and establishes the 1st Fascist government

1922  Russia officially becomes known as the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) → The Soviet Union

1923  Adolf Hitler leads the Beer Hall Putsch in Germany

1924  Lenin dies

1928  Stalin is firmly entrenched as the leader of the Soviet Union → begins the first of several 5 year plans

1929  Stock Market Crash in the US → The Great Depression begins

1933  Hitler comes to power in Germany

1938  Munich Conference (Peace in our time→Neville Chamberlain)

1939  World War II starts with Germany’s invasion of Poland

1945  World War II ends (V-E Day → May 8, 1945 and V-J Day → August 15, 1945)

1945  First session of the United Nations is held

1945-1989  Cold War (U.S. vs. S.U. begins and begins to end in Poland)

POST WW II  Decolonization → European colonies become independent

1946  Winston Churchill gives the “Iron Curtain” speech

1948-1949 Operation Vittles→the Berlin Airlift

1949  USSR successfully tests first atomic bomb

1951  European Coal and Steel Community formed (sounds like the Zollverein)

1953  Stalin dies and is succeeded by Nikita Khrushchev → destalinization begins

1954  French forces defeated in French-Indochina at Dien Bien Phu

1956  Hungarian revolt against the Soviet Union → it is crushed by the Soviets

1957  Rome Treaty is signed → The European Economic Community (EEC) is created = Common Market

1957  Sputnik is launched by the Soviet Union → the first space satellite

1958  The fifth Republic is born in France and Charles de Gaulle becomes President

1961  Berlin Wall built → dividing East and West Berlin

1961  Soviet Yuri Gagarin becomes the first man in space

1962  Cuban Missile Crisis → 90 miles off the coast of Florida

1963  Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique is published

1964  Leonid Brezhnev becomes leader of the Soviet Union

1966  Under President Charles de Gaulle, France withdraws from the common NATO military command

1968  “Prague Spring” occurs in Czechoslovakia → it is crushed by the Soviets

1968  Student revolt in France (Paris)

1978  Pole Karol Wojtyla elected Pope → Pope John Paul II → 1st non-Italian in 455 years

1979  Margaret Thatcher becomes the first female Prime Minister of England (“The Iron Lady”) (Mags loathes no one more than this heinous twat)

1979  The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan (eventually becomes their own “little Vietnam”)

1980  1st independent labor union in the Soviet Bloc formed  “Solidarity” led by Lech Walesa of Poland

1980  Ronald Reagan elected President of the US (calls the Soviet Union an “evil empire”)

1985  Gorbachev becomes Soviet leader (implements policies of perestroika and glasnost)

1986  Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident in the Soviet Union (specifically the Ukraine)

1989  Berlin Wall comes down

1989  The “Velvet Revolution” occurs in Czechoslovakia → Vaclav Havel becomes President

1989  The Soviet Union withdraws its forces from Afghanistan

1989  Romanian leader Nicolai Ceausescu is overthrown and killed

1990  Lech Walesa becomes President of Poland

1990  East Germany and West Germany reunify into one Germany

1990  The first McDonalds opens in Russia

1991  Attempted coup attempt in the Soviet Union → The Soviet Union begins to disintegrate

1991  Boris Yeltsin becomes President of Russia → former 15 republics of the Soviet Union form the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S.)

1991  Yugoslavia begins to break apart

1992  Maastricht Treaty signed

1997  Tony Blair becomes Prime Minister of England → 1st Labor Party leader in 18 years