Why people in life-or-death situations sometimes have trouble counting
Who is the third who walks always beside you?
When I count, there are only you and I together
But when I look ahead up the white road
There is always another one walking beside you
âTS. Eliot, The Waste Land, written about Ernest Shackletonâs 1916 third man experience.
On this day in 1916 Ernest Shackleton reached a whaling station in Stromness in the South Atlantic, completing an epic 26 day journey to reach help after losing his ship. While crossing the mountains, starving and without climbing gear, Shackleton famously saw a fourth person in his group of three desperate sailors.
And heâs not the only one. The âthird man,â named for the poem above, is the phenomenon where people in life-threatening or highly stressful situations sense another person (of whatever gender) with them. The solo hiker has a companion, or the group of four becomes five, of which most or all report seeing the extra person.
Read all about the Third Man Phenomenon and get writing prompts on my blog, such as:
The little man who wasnât there. If the third man is a scientifically explainable brain phenomenon, you could have a plot where people try to induce it on purpose. Maybe a company sells a headband with an electric pulse that brings out a companion for lonely people, or perhaps itâs part of training for soldiers, a way to keep themselves calm in stressful situations. A horror plot could have a person uncertain whether a third man experience is an expected hallucinationâŠor if someone is actually there.
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Summary: Bucky is joined by several Avengers, eager to support him by helping to find Leia. After the case is resolved, Bucky and Leia discuss their future.
Warnings: Violence causing injury, near death experience, perceived hallucinations, medical treatment (edited for this story), emotional reveal.
Author notes: Final part of this short fiction piece. Originally, I tried to write in another half-sibling blaming Leah for the sins of their shared father, but it just didnât work so this is the ending that felt true to me.
<<Part 4
Leia
Watching Bucky selflessly helping others during the evacuation of the building was uplifting, especially when he carried the older lady down the stairs. It was obvious she was impressed with his strength and gallantry as she kept telling him what a good man he was. He just accepted the compliments with quiet grace. When he heard the call for help with some others outside, he didn't hesitate to step forward, with Leia's blessing. As she watched him pick up another senior, she felt something hard poke into her back. Turning her head to see it, she was stopped by a man's voice.
"Don't turn around. Leave the cat and your purse and come with me, or I'll set off the bomb I have hidden out here."
Slowly, she lowered the cat carrier to the ground, placed her purse on it, then felt herself being pulled away, through the phalanx of fire department and police vehicles, to where a car sat parked at the side of the road. As the man reached for the car door, she whirled around and hit him several times in the face with her fists, knocking his beanie off in the process. His surprise at her resistance didn't last, and he hit her back hard enough to knock her senseless, before pushing her into the back seat and driving away. She remembered looking at him from where she was sprawled in the back, struggling to stay conscious, and seeing the adult face that the sketch artist had drawn. Bucky's recall of the man's features was on the money, except his bloody nose looked swollen now, thanks to her punches. Then, the darkness took over and she passed out.
It was barely light outside when she came around, still in the back seat. The car was in motion. She must have made a noise as the man turned his head back to look at her briefly.
"I was beginning to worry about you," he said. "I must have hit you harder than I thought. Sorry about that."
"No, you're not, Mitchell."
"You remember me, now? Well, that's something. When you didn't recognize me at the farmer's market, I was quite offended."
"Well, you have changed since you were a kid," answered Leia, sitting up and looking outside in the hopes of seeing a road sign. They were on a country road, surrounded by farmland, no buildings in sight. "It wasn't until they did a police sketch of you and de-aged it that I recognized you."
"We're not on the highway," he said, noticing what she was doing. "In fact, we're taking the long way home. Your real home."
"It hasn't been home since Mikey died." She slid her hand into her coat pocket, feeling her house keys in there, threading them in between her fingers. "Do you still live there?"
"I never really left." He gave out a quick laugh. "Well, I did live in a state facility for a while but I'm never going back there." He looked forward again. "Why did you abandon me? I was hurting so bad and you just left without even saying goodbye."
Oh boy. "I was twelve years old, Mitchell. My dad was with his girlfriend while my brother accidentally shot himself. There was no way my mother was staying around. It's not like we were involved. We were kids."
"We were friends!" He shook with the anger he was feeling, his nostrils flaring and his breathing heavy with emotion. "I was going to marry you."
"I didn't even like you."
He slammed on the brakes and reached into the back seat to grab her. Leia pulled the keys out, raking them across his face with all the force she could muster. He screamed and pressed the accelerator then twisted the wheel violently, causing the car to plow into a large snow drift at the side of the road that enclosed the front part of the car. The front seat airbags deployed, enveloping Morrison in their sudden embrace. Leia, who had managed to hold on, glanced quickly at him noticing he appeared dazed. Taking advantage of the opportunity, she scrambled out through the back window that still worked, landing in snow up to her hips and slogged through it then began to run on the country road. She kept running, doing all she could to put distance between herself and the car. Every time she looked back, she didn't see him coming after her.
You're doing good. Keep going. Bucky will find you. He promised.
Without her watch and phone, Leia didn't know how long she ran. It felt like forever, but with her head still feeling sluggish and the cloud cover preventing the sun from casting shadows, it could have been only minutes. More snow fell here than in New York as everything was covered. There was no sign of anyone, no cars, no one outside any of the buildings she saw in the far distance across the empty fields. She had already lost one glove, when she tripped and fell hard enough to knock the air out of herself.  It wasnât until a short time later that she realized it was gone and that was only because she moved some hair off her face and saw the bare hand. For a moment she considered going back to look for it but the fear that Mitchell was coming after her was so strong that she kept going instead, experiencing another surge of adrenaline. In the loud silence the only sounds she could hear were of the wind, her breathing and the dull plod of her feet in the snow. When that surge of energy finally wore off and she slowed down to a walk she knew she had to find shelter. It was obvious the temperature was dropping. If she could find someplace with a phone she could call for help. As if a higher power heard her, she came to a crossroads and saw a warehouse building in the distance on the road that went left. It was the closest building even though it was at least half a mile away. She picked up her pace to reach the entry into the property. Its parking area had been plowed at some point although it was empty now and covered in a thick layer of snow with some drifts. Still, she could break in and trigger the security alarm; that would bring help.
Staggering up to the glass door, she pounded on the frame, calling for help but there was no one there. Looking around, she saw a large rock, about the size of a grapefruit, used to edge the parking lot. It was partially exposed, and she tried to pick it up, but it was frozen into place. Kicking at it repeatedly until it loosened, she picked it up, smashed the glass, then reached inside and turned the lock mechanism, opening the door. There were no indications that the place was being used; no furniture, no papers, or personal items were visible. It didn't even seem to be heated but at least it would block the wind. Seeing a phone, she picked it up, but the line was dead. Every phone she picked up had no signal. Unless a realtor was bringing someone to see it, she was on her own. She was going to have to wait for someone to find her because she couldn't go any further.
It will be alright. He's already looking. He'll come for you.
Bucky
He was inside his storage locker, pulling out his combat gear and a satchel of weapons when he heard the footsteps from the indoor hallway of the storage facility. With a shake of his head at how fast the man got there, he turned just as Sam appeared at the doorway.
"I was wondering if Pepper would call you in," he said to his friend. "Obviously, I fucked up and need Captain America to save the day."
"You know that's not how it works," replied Sam, coming closer and looking at the assortment of weapons. "You really need all that?"
"I've underestimated him one too many times. He hurt the agent who was watching the outside of the building so he couldnât warn us. Don't know if he's working alone or if he has followers, or what. But I'm not taking any chances." He glanced at Sam, noticing he wore the suit but not the wings. "You're almost ready for action. I have to be as well."
"I'm not a super soldier so I need all my tools. I got the alert yesterday about the purse snatcher from Pepper. Figured I would come up anyway to offer a hand, but he didn't waste any time, did he?" Bucky grunted as he zipped the satchel up. "What are you planning to use for transport?"
"Beg for the use of a car or truck, I guess." He looked at Sam again. "What alert?"
"You might be on secondment to the FBI for this but the rest of us already think of you as an Avenger, even though we're not official. You really think we're going to let you handle this alone?" He went back to the door and jerked his head towards the hallway. "Come on."
With some trepidation, Bucky locked up the storage locker and followed Sam outside in the pre-dawn light to see a quinjet in the parking lot; its bulk dwarfing the cars and trucks beside it. He could see through the cockpit window that Clint was in the pilot's seat, giving him a small salute. Beside him was Joaquin Torres, the young intelligence officer that helped with the Flag Smashers. Sam had spent a lot of time with him after the lieutenant repaired the broken EXO-7 Falcon suit that John Walker destroyed. It was also one of the reasons Bucky returned to New York, although he never mentioned to anyone about feeling left out by their training, thinking it made him seem jealous of the time Sam spent with the eager recruit. Torres grinned at Bucky in that annoying way he had, but the fact he stepped up meant a lot. As Bucky walked up the ramp he was surprised to see Happy Hogan at the computer station.
"You didn't think I was just a pretty face did you, Sarge?" he asked. "You needed transport and someone to monitor the situation while you guys are doing your thing. I have some leads."
"What about the FBI?" asked Bucky. "What about Alpine? I left her with you in good faith."
"Alpine is with Mrs. Stark and Morgan. She's in good hands. As for the FBI, they've decided we're better equipped to deal with the guy, something about us not being bound by protocol. But they provided us with some information. The blood that was at the scene of Ms. Dunn's abduction is confirmed to belong to Mitchell Morrison. First diagnosed with an obsessive love disorder when he was 15, which is a delusion that he is in love with a certain individual, he's been arrested for stalking the object of his obsessions several times. Ordered to give a blood sample after an incident about 5 years ago, he's managed to avoid forced incarceration by voluntarily undergoing treatment several times at a state facility for his disorder. He walked out almost two months ago, a few days after he got a day pass to attend a farmer's market with his mother and a nurse." He looked compassionately at Bucky. "It's where he saw Leia again, apparently, the first girl he obsessed about according to his mother. She still lives in the same house, but she swears she hasn't seen him since. There's a good chance he's headed there, according to the profilers. He always comes home."
"They've been wrong before," said Bucky, stubbornly. "He shouldn't have known where we lived."
"True, but he's shown flashes of genius at the state facility and seems to have a passion for spy craft. He's definitely a lone wolf type of guy, making friends with only a couple of people, one of them an outpatient named Edward Ruskin. I think he's been two steps ahead the entire time."
"Okay, what's the plan?" Bucky sat next to Happy, looking at the screens he had up of the road systems of Pennsylvania.
"He's using his mother's car which she didn't report stolen because, let's face it, he's still her son. The FBI have already checked New York City roadways and picked him up on several traffic cameras, showing him heading west towards New Jersey. But there's been nothing on any of the major highways or toll roads since then, so he's using smaller roads, which aren't in good shape the further west we go as they actually had a blizzard." He gestured to the screen. "That's a lot of roads to cover. He's either switched vehicles, removed the car's GPS or has hacked into it to turn it off so we can't find him that way. So we do it the old-fashioned way by a grid search. Which is why we have the winged guys, and the quinjet. Based on the time Leia was taken, and the top speed we could expect Morrison to drive on a country road in these conditions, we concentrate our search in this area."
He pressed a button on the console, bringing up a more precise map of country roads from the eastern border to where Morrison's mother lived. There was still a lot of ground to cover.
"Are local or state police involved?" asked Bucky.
"Yes and no," answered Happy. "This snowfall has made road travel difficult and many of them are dealing with accidents or rescuing stranded motorists, as the wind is still blowing snow into heavy drifts. If they see something they're supposed to contact us, but given the size of the area it's still a long shot."
"We'll configure the sensors in our suits and the quinjet for two heat signatures inside a car or truck, just in case he's switched vehicles," said Sam. "At least that way we can narrow down the vehicles we're tracking."
Don't go there. Don't go there. Don't go there.
"What if he's ... dealt with her already and got rid of her?"
No one said anything, then Sam gently put his hand on Bucky's shoulder.
"Then we hunt him down. No one will blame you if it gets out of hand."
"She was wearing her red coat. Can the sensors pick out colours?"
Sam looked at Clint then at Happy, who each considered it for a moment.
"Only one way to find out."
The big man's pudgy fingers flew over the keyboard of the quinjet's system computers, looking for anything that indicated a filter that focused on a certain colour. When he found it, he activated it then sent the command to Sam's and Joaquin's suits. With that done, Clint and Joaquin returned to the pilot's chairs and raised the quinjet into the air just as the sun came up, with Clint advising air traffic control of their takeoff. Within minutes they were crossing over the Hudson River into New Jersey. Ten minutes later they were approaching the coordinates of the first part of the grid. Sam and Joaquin both suited up and checked to make sure their systems were working properly, then the ramp at the back opened and the two men flew out, Joaquin flying to the north of where the quinjet's flight path was, while Sam took the southern path. Bucky assumed the co-pilot's seat and the search began.
Forty minutes later they were at the outskirts of the town where Morrison's mother still lived, but no results. Happy sent the next coordinates for their second pass, and they headed back east along the path with no results. The third and fourth passes also didn't provide any hits. They began the fifth pass and halfway along it, Joaquin radioed.
"I got a hit on a large metal object stuck at the side of the road. Going to investigate."
He hovered over it, confirming it was a vehicle partially buried in a large snow drift. Landing gently on the side that was accessible, he noticed the window was open in the back seat. Peering inside, he could see Morrison, slumped in the front seat, covered in blood.
"Man down," he said. "It's Morrison. Sensors indicate his life signs are unstable. He's got injuries."
"Calling for medical assistance," said Happy. "Stay with the vehicle. We're coming in."
Before the quinjet landed Bucky was back at the ramp, pressing the button that lowered it. He jumped the final 50 feet, landing hard on the frozen roadway and strode to where Sam had already landed. They both looked inside at Morrison, noticing the deployed airbags, and because of his injuries, realizing that Leia must have forced him into the snowbank.
"Smart woman," said Sam, "but where is she now?"
Bucky looked in all directions. The blowing snow had covered everything. Tracking her footsteps would be difficult in this wind as it filled in everything within minutes.
"The purse snatcher remarked that her coat made her visible. But in this cold, she needed to keep her coat on, so she must have been sure she hurt him badly enough to do that." He looked back at the vehicle, at how it was positioned, then at the large drift that enclosed it. There was no sign of anyone trying to climb through it other than the few spots that showed where she came out and even they were quite filled in. She had to have gone back the way they came. "This way. We look this way."
Sam rose into the air, while Bucky used his comms earpiece to tell Clint he was following on the ground. The quinjet took the other direction, just in case, while Joaquin stayed with the car, promising to join them after medical help arrived. It was slow going as Sam's sensors were confused by the lack of definition in the snowy landscape. If she were unconscious, and covered in the snow, he could easily fly right over her. Bucky had to push through several drifts which must have formed after the car hit the one it did. There was no sign that Leia had gone through after they were formed. Just as they were about to re-evaluate their search, Bucky saw a flash of colour in the road, between two smaller drifts. Scrambling to it he brushed the snow off and recognized it as one of Leiaâs gloves.
âFound something, a glove,â he reported, then looked up to where Sam had circled back towards him. âShe definitely came this way.â
âThereâs a lone building about a half mile east then another half mile north from your location,â said Happy, from the quinjet. âSam, check it out. Weâre on our way.â
Sam reported sighting a warehouse about a half mile north from the next crossroad. He flew closer to investigate, reporting it was part of a new industrial park being built, according to the sign.
"I'm going to check it out," said Sam. "It's the closest place to the car." Bucky sped up after reaching the road north, just as Sam landed beside the structure. "The door was broken into. Entering the building." Another moment passed, then just as Bucky reached the parking area, he heard Sam. "She's here. Barely conscious and hypothermic. Clint, land in the parking lot and get the med kit ready. She needs immediate treatment."
Bucky stepped through the small drift that had formed through the broken door, finding Sam in an office where Leia was curled up, almost triggering a PTSD episode from his own time in cryosleep. He forced it back down then reached to pick her up, but his friend hesitated and put his hand out to stop him.
"My sensors read her body temperature as 84°. That's right on the edge between moderate and severe hypothermia. We have to handle her very carefully."
"Just tell me what to do," replied Bucky, his face showing his worry as Leia moaned incoherently.
"Bring a stretcher and see if there is a portable heater in the cargo hold that we can use to raise the temperature in here to warm her up a little. If I can get her internal temperature up a few degrees, we can move her."
Removing his wings, Sam began assessing her using his medical knowledge from when he was a pararescue. He did what he could before Bucky returned with the stretcher and Clint brought the med kit and heater. The heater, battery powered, was set up and turned on. Sam went through the med kit and brought out the thermal coverings they had, wrapping Leia up in them. He instructed Bucky to gently hold her exposed hand with his right hand, knowing his body temperature ran warmer than everyone's. As the interior of the room warmed up, there was more lucidity in Leia's manner. For a moment she focused on Bucky.
"Found me," she murmured. "He said you would come."
"Shh, baby, it's okay." He spoke to her soothingly. "You're going to be alright. You did good."
She nodded her head, then closed her eyes. When Sam's suit sensors showed her temperature almost at 90°, he gave the okay to move her and they loaded her onto the stretcher, then into the quinjet, where Happy pulled out a sliding platform used as a cot. With Joaquin signalling that he was on his way, they waited for him before lifting off and heading for the nearest hospital with a trauma unit. Bucky never left her side.
A week later
Comfortably set up on the couch, pushed near the window so the late afternoon sun would warm her up, with several cushions behind her, and a blanket and sleeping cat on her lap, Leia sipped the tea that Bucky made for her. He sat on the floor just below her, reading a book, occasionally leaning into her hand as she stroked his hair. The swelling in her hands, a reaction from the hypothermia was completely gone now, and other than often feeling chilled she suffered no other effects from her brush with death. As she watched Bucky read the same page several times over, Leia knew it was time to talk about what she went through. It had taken her several days to think on her experience, but she wanted to tell Bucky first.
"I'm ready to talk," she said calmly. "I know you've been patient but if I have to watch you read that page again, I might take the book out of your hands and toss it away."
He folded it shut and placed it on the coffee table, then turned so that he was looking up at her from the floor. Gently, he kissed her hand.
"Where do you want to start?"
"Well, you already know what I did to him," she said. "I broke his nose when he first took me, then I cut him up a lot when I jammed the keys into his face when we got to Pennsylvania. After that I got out of the car and went on instinct, running away for as long as I could, just putting as much distance between us as possible. Every time I looked back, I saw nothing, so I figured I hurt him enough to keep him there. I was still afraid that he was coming for me." She hesitated as this is where it got strange. "Have you ever heard of the third man factor?"
"Yeah, there's a book about it that I've been interested in reading," he answered.
She smiled. "Good to know. Maybe I have time to order it for your Christmas present." Her face became serious again. "After I ran for some time, I heard a voice tell me I was doing good and to keep going, because you would find me. It did keep me going. Then when I found that building and hunkered down in one of the offices the voice came back and said I would be alright because you were coming for me. I just had to hang on and wait."
"You did," he smiled, kissing her hand again.
Leia let out a shaky breath. "Just before you and Sam got there, I was ready to give in and let it all go." Her eyes teared up. "I was at peace with it. After all the bad things that happened in my life, Mikey dying, Dad and Jake being cheating husbands, the stalker ... I at least got to be in real love with a good man who loved me back." She wiped her nose, then laughed a little when Bucky handed her his handkerchief. "I saw who the voice belonged to. It was Mikey, but he wasn't a boy anymore. He was a man, and he was so beautiful, surrounded by this glowing light. He told me you were almost there and that I couldn't give up now, not when the love of my life was coming to my rescue. Oh Bucky."
She cried in earnest now and Bucky got up from the floor, picked Alpine off her lap, placing her further down, then he lifted Leia onto his lap, blanket, and all, holding her in his arms, rocking her like a baby. He cried as well, knowing that she believed in their love as deeply as he did. It wasn't one-sided, or an infatuation, or wishful thinking; it was something real, and incredible, and life changing. As she gradually calmed down, he wiped the tears away from both their faces then kissed her on the forehead.
"There's something I want to ask you," he began. "We've only known each other for a few weeks but I want to know if you'll move in with me."
"Aren't we doing that already?" she chuckled. "I kind of assumed we were going to continue on. I can't imagine you moving out now."
"I mean, in our own place, that we own, and furnish ourselves, with room to grow." He ran one hand through his hair. "It never came up before but I'm quite well off, having received my settlement for back pay, adjusted for inflation and whatever, plus for damages over what was done to me. When I was on my own, I was content to live in my little flat, being a bit of a hermit, and frankly, floundering a little. But then I met you and now I want more. I want a life with you. It's not a proposal or anything because that's a whole other thing to consider ...."
Her mouth crashed onto his, as she kissed him deeply, leaving him no choice but to respond in kind. It felt so right, holding her close enough to feel her heart beating against his chest, almost like they were working in synchronization. As they kept kissing, they stretched out on the couch, sending Alpine to the floor, with a meow of complaint. They ended the kiss and watched the cat walk away, definitely offended that they took over the couch.
"We should get a big chair just for her," said Leia. "You know, one of those chair and a half pieces."
"There's no such thing," scoffed Bucky. "There are sofas, love seats, and armchairs. What are chair and a half's?"
She reached for her phone, searching for it, then showing him the picture. He raised his eyebrows then nodded his head conceding her point.
"I stand corrected. Can we get one of those big sofas that would easily fit both of us lying down if we wanted to watch a movie together?"
She nodded, then put her phone down and ran her hand through his hair, looking lovingly at him.
"We're going to do this, huh? Move in together for real, not just for the assignment?"
"For real. Maybe even find a place with an office for you to write in. How else are you going to be the next Margaret Atwood?" He grinned. "I just want a home that is ours, one that we can grow into, if we, you know ... make it permanent someday."
"Bucky, home is wherever you are and as far as I'm concerned, we're permanent now. I'm yours because you're the love of my life. I believe that with all my heart."
"So do I."
They kissed again; languidly enjoying the taste and touch of each other. As the late afternoon turned into dusk, then evening, they laid on the couch, watching the snowfall through the window. It reminded them of their first date, when they walked back to this apartment and shared their first kiss. That's when they initially knew there was something meaningful between them. Whatever was to come would be faced together, with love and trust. As they kissed, neither of them saw Alpine playfully bat at a barely visible glow in the corner of the room that subtly pulsed and shifted. They didn't notice she followed the glow to another window beside the unlit Christmas tree, where it seemed to pause before dissipating through the glass and joining the snowfall outside. Then Alpine turned back to the couch, jumping up and purring as she settled beside her humans. The other one said he wanted her to watch over them and she was quite happy to accept the assignment.
I don't know why anyone puts up with me I watch one (1) video and immediately start ranting about how Balto (1995) has the most impactful Third Man Factor scene in fiction.
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Do you think https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_man_factor is a type of plurality caused by trauma? /genq
Ooh! This is really interesting! I've never heard of this before, so thanks for teaching me about this! đ
I would have to learn more about specific experiences.
There are a lot of types of hallucinations that I don't think necessarily rise to the level of plurality, in my opinion, because they lack sentience. So how sentient or aware are these Third Men?
My guess is it probably varies a lot where some are actually sentient but others not.
This is a neat find though and worth looking into more! đ
"Who is the third who walks always beside you? When I count, there are only you and I together But when I look ahead up the white road There is always another one walking beside you"Â Â -- The Waste Land by T. S. ELIOT
Description:
A strange occurrence often happens to people engaged in an adventurous activity or who fall victim to an unfortunate circumstance. They find themselves with a companion whose presence would typically be impossible. Usually, the person is at a critical moment in a life-or-death situation in an extreme and unusual environment. When they are weakened and dying from exposure, suffering privation of sustenance, lost and alone, when they are about to lose all hope and accept their demise, thatâs when this otherworldly friend suddenly appears to render aid and encouragement, giving them a superhuman will or strength to survive. Psychologists label this a âsensed presence experienceâ but are at a loss for a simple explanation. These presences may be seen, heard, and sometimes even touched. They appear in dire situations to people from all walks of life. They may materialize as a known friend, a deceased relative, a religious figure, or an indeterminate benefactor. Still, whatever their form, there is no doubt to the one in danger that this being is real and there with them. Although this sensed presence appears most often to mountain climbers, sailors, divers, and polar explorers, it can also happen to astronauts, prisoners of war, and disaster survivors. One of the most intriguing aspects of the sensed presence experience is that the ethereal saviors arenât just there to provide comforting words; they actually help with knowledgable advice or guidance or can even seemingly take over the actions of the afflicted â whatever is necessary to increase the odds of survival. Join us as we explore a phenomenon more common than you might think, a syndrome also known as the âThird Man.â
Reference Links:
âThe Sensed Presence as a Coping Resource in Extreme Environmentsâ
by Peter Suedfeld & John Geiger. From Miracles: God, Science, and Psychology in the Paranormal on Omnilogos.com
âThe Sensed Presence as A Coping Resource in Extreme Environmentsâ on the Julian Jaynes Society website
âHow does our understanding of the sensed presence phenomenon in extreme settings change the way we talk about so-called mental âillnessesâ in daily life?â by Blaise Cottingham on Medium.com
Angels of Mons on Wikipedia
Vincent Lam
âExtreme environmentâ on Wikipedia
King Nebuchadnezzar from Daniel 3:24-5 on BibleGateway.com
The Savage Curtain episode of the original Star Trek series
âCharles Lindbergh and the Third Man Factorâ on Theresa's Haunted History of the Tri-State blog
Poet, memoirist, and songwriter Mary Karr
âThe Liarsâ Clubâ by Mary Karr
Kanchenjunga, the worldâs third highest mountain, on Britannica.com
âWilson,â the volleyball from the motion picture Castaway
âErnest Shackleton's Crew of the Endurance â Imperial Trans Antarctica Expedition 1914 -17â on CoolAntarctica.com
Husvik, the former whaling station on the north-central coast of South Georgia Island, Antarctica
Elephant Island, Antarctica
âExcerpt: The Voyage of the James Caird by Ernest Shackletonâ from the American Museum of Natural History website
Alfred Lansing
Caedmon, widely considered to be the worldâs first audiobook and launch of the spoken word industry
âThe Waste Landâ by T. S. Eliot on Project Gutenberg
Stromness, South Georgia
Sir Ernest Shackleton and T S Eliotâs âthird manâ from the Royal Scottish Geographical Society
The Waste Land Part I â The Burial of the Dead from the Poetry Archive
The Waste Land from The Poetry Foundation
âT. S. ELIOT SAW ALL THIS COMINGâ from The Atlantic
The Waste Land on Wikipedia
Jane S. P. Mocellin and Peter Suedfeldâs research on behavior in extreme environments from ResearchGate.net
âShackleton's whisky returned to Antarctic hutâ on CBC.ca
âSpirits of the South Poleâ from The New York Times Magazine
âWild Survival Story About 1983 Rockies Alpine Avalancheâ â the story of Jim Sevigny and Richard Whitmire
Distance Line for cave diving
âUK scientist has her lab in underwater cavesâ â Stephanie Schwabe article from the Lexington Herald-Leader
Kendal Mint Cake on Wikipedia
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Episode 279: The Third Man Syndrome Part 1. Produced by Scott Philbrook & Forrest Burgess. Audio Editing by Sarah Vorhees Wendel of VW Sound. Music and Sound Design by Allen Carrescia. Tess Pfeifle, Producer and Lead Researcher. Ed Voccola, Technical Producer. Research Support from The Astonishing Research Corps, or "A.R.C." for short. Copyright 2024 Astonishing Legends Productions, LLC. All Rights Reserved.
The Third Man Factor is a psychological phenomenon observed in individuals facing life-threatening situations. In such extreme circumstances, people report sensing the presence of an unseen companion, often referred to as the âthird man.â This phenomenon gained prominence through historical accounts, with Sir Ernest Shackleton describing it during his Antarctic expedition when stranded with his crew after the ship Endurance became trapped in ice.
Experiences of the Third Man Factor can vary. Some individuals report feeling a distinct presence, while others may describe hearing a voice or sensing guidance. The nature of the âthird manâ can also vary, ranging from a religious or spiritual figure to a representation of a deceased loved one.
The phenomenon tends to occur in contexts of extreme isolation, danger, or stress. Here are a few notable instances:
Ernest Shackletonâs Antarctic Expedition (1914-1916): Sir Ernest Shackleton and his crew faced a harrowing ordeal when their ship, the Endurance, became trapped in Antarctic ice. Shackleton later wrote about the presence of an unseen companion that seemed to accompany him and other members of the expedition during critical moments. The âthird manâ presence provided a source of strength and guidance.
Joe Simpsonâs Mountaineering Ordeal (1985): Joe Simpson, a mountaineer and author, experienced the Third Man Factor during a perilous descent of Siula Grande in the Peruvian Andes. After a severe fall and being left for dead by his climbing partner, Simon Yates, Simpson reported the presence of a phantom companion who encouraged and guided him back to safety.
Aron Ralstonâs Canyon Survival (2003): Aron Ralston, the subject of the film â127 Hours,â faced a life-threatening situation when his arm became trapped under a boulder while hiking in a remote Utah canyon. During his ordeal, Ralston reported a hallucination of a young boy appearing to him, offering comfort and companionship. This presence helped him endure the physical and emotional challenges until his eventual rescue.
Apollo 12 Moon Mission (1969): During the Apollo 12 mission to the moon, astronaut Charles âPeteâ Conrad reported a strange experience. He felt the presence of an unseen entity during a moonwalk, which he later likened to the Third Man Factor. Conrad described a feeling of guidance and support during a crucial moment of the mission.
Psychologists and researchers have proposed that the Third Man Factor may be a psychological coping mechanism. Under intense stress, the brain may create a supportive figure to provide comfort and guidance. This phenomenon has had a notable impact on literature, influencing stories of survival and exploration.