#quick guides

Substance

Function in Inflammation

Source

Histamine

Vasodilation; increased permeability of capillaries; conversion of an inactive plasma protein (kininogen) into active peptides called kinins; released early in inflammation

Mast cells, basophils, platelets

Kinins (e.g., bradykinin)

Vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries; increase production of CAMs; stimulate sensory pain receptors

Plasma protein produced by the liver and other cells as kininogen; activated by tissue injury

Leukotrienes (slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis [SRS-A])

Effects similar to histamine; released later in the inflammatory response than histamine and longer lasting

Eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid molecules of mast cell and basophil plasma membranes

Prostaglandins

Vasodilation, fever, stimulate sensory pain receptors (categories include E, D, A, F, and B)

Eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid molecules of mast cell and basophil plasma membranes

Chemotactic factor

Attracts immune cells; release of specific chemotactic factors attract a specific type of cell (e.g., neutrophil chemotactic factor attracts neutrophils early in the inflammatory response; with a parasitic infection, eosinophil chemotactic factor attracts eosinophils)

Mast cells and basophils

Serotonin

Effects similar to histamine

Platelets

Nitric oxide

Vasodilation; may inhibit mast cells and platelets

Endothelium of blood vessels

Alpha-1 antitrypsin

Inhibits damage to connective tissue by enzymes released from destroyed phagocytes

Plasma protein formed by the liver

C-reactive protein

Activates complement by binding to polysaccharides on bacteria surface

Liver

IL-1 and TNF-α

Increase cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) to cause margination; cause endothelial cell contraction to facilitate diapedesis

Writing Tips: A Quick Guide on Plotholes

Photo by Alex Green on Pexels.com This is a repost from my old blog that I am working on transferring over and updating. If you notice any issues, feel free to reach out. If there’s anything writers hate more then writer’s block, it might actually be plot holes. Especially the ones that you never seem to notice. So today, I’m going to share my advice on how to stop plot holes and fix them…

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Cloud Atlas is based on David Mitchell‘s novel that is structured as a series of six vaguely interrelated stories, presented in an unusual structure. In the novel, you get half the first story, which jumps to the first half of the second, and so on until the entire sixth story plays out at the center of the novel, and then things work back out to the opening, so the end of the book is the second half of the first tale.

As the trailer shows, Tom Hanks and Halle Berry play characters in at least two or three chapters. (And does the trailer reveal too much for one of Berry’s characters? Maybe, but it’s not the worst choice.)

It seems like Tykwer and the Wachowskis have made some of the novel’s underlying thematic ideas into full-on text. Which isn’t really a surprise; while the novel isn’t what I’d call subtle, it does leave some of the linkages between stories unspoken, and the film seems to go for the much more explicit route. Which is what a film this big has to do, or so some would say.

Here’s a bit of what’s going on...

OK, kicking things off, the “first” story is ‘The Pacific Journal of Adam Ewing,’ pictured above, which takes place in the mid 1800s. (It’s the first in the novel, at least, but we don’t know just how the film will structure things.) Tom Hanks features as a doctor who encounters a few unusual souls in the remote Chatham Islands, east of New Zealand, before journeying away by ship. Hugo Weaving‘s character talking about the “natural order to this world” factors in here. A diary chronicling that journey ends up in the next story:

The next is ‘Letters from Zedelghem,’ in 1931, in which Robert Frobisher (Ben Whishaw), a broke young English musician, takes a gig transcribing the work of a composer (Jim Broadbent, looking more friendly than I’d pictured him in the novel) living in Belgium. There’s a plotline with the composer’s wife, too, which is left mostly un-shown in the trailer. Seems like she’s also played by Berry. Letters from Frobisher to his perhaps-lover Rufus Sixsmith end up in the next story.

Then we bounce forward a half century to 1975, for ‘Half-Lives: The First Luisa Rey Mystery,’ in which, as the trailer shows, Halle Berry plays the title character. She’s a journalist investigating corruption at a nuclear power plant run by Hugh Grant. This is a pretty straightforward thriller story, but it does have some big elements that reverberate throughout the entire piece...

FOR THE FULL GUIDE PLEASE VISIT SLASHFILM to READ MORE.

There is a great visual replication of the book going on here, or so it seems. The movie is gorgeous. But as I’ve opined many times before, that doesn’t always make for a good movie. And in making some of the themes and connections more obvious, I’m afraid that the movie may be way too on the nose. That was always one of the big dangers here, and the trailer doesn’t convince me that Tykwer and the Wachowskis have totally sidestepped it. Is this just going to end up looking like Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close, but with sci-fi and adventure leanings? There are genuinely wonderful moments in the trailer, and I still can’t wait to see how the film plays, but I’m not yet convinced that they’ve made it all truly work.