Iâm a bit confused when talking about possession in Spanish. Like is tu and tuya or su and suya interchangeable? Like naturally I would say âes su libroâ or âes tu libroâ but Iâve heard âel libro es suya/tuyaâ more and Iâm not sure if Iâm incorrect or they have different meanings or if they mean the same and are interchangeable
A different anon (I think) also asked:Â when do you "mĂa/o" instead of "mi"?
So Iâll be merging these two since theyâre pretty much the same idea, but before I begin, el libro es suyo or el libro es tuyo is the only correct one. It wouldnât be feminine in this case.
Alright, so before I begin let me just say that in Spanish there are certain adjectives that are known as âdeterminersâ. All that really means in this context for Spanish is that there are some adjectives that always go in front of the noun, and theyâre usually question words, things talking about amounts, quality (often good/bad), demonstratives, possessives, and a handful of other adjectives.
One of the sets of adjectives weâre talking about now are âpossessivesâ because you âpossessâ them and they belong to you. In case systems this would be very closely related to the genitive case.
But anyway letâs start with the adjectives that are determiners:
su(s) = his / hers / Yours / theirs
nuestro/a, nuestros/nuestras = our
vuestro/a, vuestros/vuestras = your [belonging to âyou allâ; only used in Spain]
Discounting vuestro/a which youâd only see in Spain, where it means âbelonging to vosotrosâ which would be âyou all (informal)â...
You primarily have four different possessives.
mi, tu, and su can be done in plural for mis, tus, sus ...but they wonât change for the gender of the adjectives. This is important.
nuestro/a is different so it will change for gender and singularity or plurality
For expressions of possession like this, you typically see them expressed with ser, or they can show up just as simple adjectives in longer sentences.
Es mi libro. = Itâs my bookSon mis libros. = Theyâre my books.Es mi chaqueta. = Itâs my jacket.Son mis chaquetas. = Theyâre my jackets.
Es tu juego. = Itâs your game.Son tus juegos. = Theyâre your games.Es tu opiniĂłn. = Itâs your opinion.Son tus opiniones. = Theyâre your opinions.
Es su instrumento. = Itâs their instrument.Son sus instrumentos. = Theyâre their instruments. Es su casa. = Itâs their house.Son sus casas. = Theyâre their houses.
The important thing to note about su is that itâs the same for any 3rd person. In context, it could be translated as âhisâ or âhersâ or belonging to usted, or it could be for plural ellos, ellas, or ustedes. Thatâs all su(s)
Iâll come back to nuestro/a in a minute.
Next we have the adjectives of possession that go AFTER the noun. These follow the regular guidelines for Spanish in that nouns go first and adjectives normally follow them.
suyo/a = of his / hers / Yours / theirs
While you might see mi or mis as âmyâ, you typically see mĂo/a or mĂos/mĂas as âmineâ or âof mineâ
El libro es mĂo. = The book is mine.Es el libro mĂo. = Thatâs MY book. [lit. âitâs the book of mineâ; emphatic]Es mĂo. = Itâs mine.La chaqueta es mĂa. = The jacket is mine.Es la chaqueta mĂa. = Thatâs MY jacket.Es mĂa. = Itâs mine.
This also works for plural:
Los libros son mĂos. = The books are mine.Son los libros mĂos. = Those are MY books. [emphatic]Son mĂos. = Theyâre mine.
Las chaquetas son mĂas. = The jackets are mine.Son las chaquetas mĂas. = Theyâre MY jackets. [emphatic]Son mĂas. = Theyâre mine.
These change for gender and singularity/plurality like most adjectives.
As for nuestro/a, it kind of works the same as above, just that depending on how itâs read it will be in different places:
Es nuestro vecino. = Itâs our neighbor.Es (un) vecino nuestro. = Itâs a neighbor of ours.
Es nuestra vecina. = Itâs our neighbor.Es (una) vecina nuestra. = Itâs a neighbor of ours.
Son nuestros vecinos. = Theyâre our neighbors.Son (unos) vecinos nuestros. = Theyâre neighbors of ours.
Son nuestras vecinas. = Theyâre our neighbors.Son (unas) vecinas nuestras. = Theyâre neighbors of ours.
As is the case for ellos/ellas rules... in this context vecinos could be âneighborsâ as in multiple male neighbors, or a group of male and female neighbors. And vecinas could only be a group of female neighbors.
Put all together you see things like this:
Hablo con mi amigo. = Iâm talking to my friend.Hablo con un amigo mĂo. = Iâm talking to a friend of mine.Hablo con mis amigos. = Iâm talking to my friends.Hablo con unos amigos mĂos. = Iâm talking to some friends of mine.
ÂżEs tu amiga? = Is she your friend?ÂżEs amiga tuya? = Is she a friend of yours?ÂżSon tus amigas? = Are they your friends? [f]ÂżSon amigas tuyas? = Are they friends [f] of yours?
Es su amigo. = Itâs their friend. [or âheâs their friendâ]Es (un) amigo suyo. = Heâs a friend of theirs.Son sus amigos. = Itâs their friends. [or âtheyâre their friendsâ]Son (unos) amigos suyos. = Theyâre friends of theirs.
Es su amiga. = Itâs their friend. [or âsheâs their friendâ]Es (una) amiga suya. = Sheâs a friend of theirs.Son sus amigas. = Itâs their friends. [or âtheyâre their friendsâ]Son (unas) amigas suyas. = Theyâre friends of theirs.
Visito a nuestro amigo. = Iâm visiting our friend.Visito a nuestra amiga. = Iâm visiting our friend. [f]Visito a nuestros amigos. = Iâm visiting our friends.Visito a nuestras amigas. = Iâm visiting our friends. [f]
Visito a un amigo nuestro. = Iâm visiting a friend of ours.Visito a una amiga nuestra. = Iâm visiting a friend of ours. [f]Visito a unos amigos nuestros. = Iâm visiting some friends of ours.Visito a unas amigas nuestras. = Iâm visiting some friends of ours. [f]
Again, su and suyo/a are dependent on who the implied person is.
It could be that es un amigo suyo reads as âitâs a friend of hisâ or âitâs a friend of hersâ or in polite conversation âitâs a friend of yoursâ because usted... or itâs plural, es un amigo suyo âitâs a friend of theirsâ where it could be referring to ellos/ellas
The important thing to note is that mi, tu, su donât change for gender, only singularity/plurality.
And mĂo/a, tuyo/a, suyo/a change for the gender OF THE NOUN, and also change for singularity/plurality. The same goes for nuestro/a regardless of if itâs in front or not.
Or in other words... regardless of your own gender it would be:
Es mi tĂo. = Heâs my uncle.Es uno de mis tĂos. = Heâs one of my uncles.Es un tĂo mĂo. = Heâs an uncle of mine.
Es mi tĂa. = Sheâs my aunt.Es una de mis tĂas. = Sheâs one of my aunts.Es una tĂa mĂa. = Sheâs an aunt of mine.
The adjective refers to the noun, so regardless of what YOUR gender is, whether you use mĂo or mĂa would depend on if youâre talking about a male or a female.
A good way to keep it straight is to remember this expression:
ÂĄDios mĂo! / ÂĄAy Dios mĂo! = My God! / Oh my God!
God or âDiosâ is always male. So even a woman would say ay Dios mĂo because the mĂo refers to âGodâ not the woman.
Similarly - and this is more of a Spain expression but:
ÂĄMadre mĂa! = Oh wow! / Oh my gosh!
Itâs an expression of surprise but itâs literally âmother of mineâ. Because la madre is feminine, it will always be madre mĂaÂ
And thereâs also el padrenuestro which is the âour fatherâ prayer that goes:
Padre nuestro, que estĂĄs en los cielos = Our Father, who art in heaven
Again, el padre is masculine so it will always be padre nuestro... hence the noun el padrenuestro.
Itâs also important to note that you can mix and match the possessives depending on context. Normally mi/tu/su in front of the noun is common, while mĂo/tuyo/suyo following the noun is more emphatic like youâre drawing attention to it... sort of like you just all caps said MINE or YOURS or something.
No es mi libro, es el tuyo. = Thatâs not my book, itâs yours.
ÂżEs tu amigo? Cualquier amigo tuyo es amigo mĂo. = Is he your friend? Any friend of yours is a friend of mine.
No es su responsabilidad, es mĂa, solo mĂa. Y puedo hacerlo solo sin su ayuda. = Itâs not their/Your responsibility, itâs mine, just mine. And I can do it alone without their/Your help.
Es mi responsabilidad, no la tuya. No quiero tu opiniĂłn. MĂ©tete en tus asuntos. = Itâs my responsibility, not yours. I donât want your opinion. Mind your business.Es mi responsabilidad, no la tuya. No quiero tu opiniĂłn. MĂ©tete en lo tuyo. = Itâs my responsibility, not yours. I donât want your opinion. Mind your business.
Todo tuyo. =Â âItâs all yours.â /Â âGo right ahead.â /Â âItâs all you.â
Eso es cosa tuya. =Â âThatâs up to you.â /Â âThat depends on you.â
ÂżEs cosa mĂa? = âIs that just me?â / âAm I the only one?âÂ