#phosgene

phosgene

he convinced me he contains phosphorus

It seems increasingly likely as the days go by that Russia may deploy poison gas in its invasion of Ukraine. They have already released a fake video in which Polish-speaking terrorists supposedly attack large chlorine tanks to blow them up. They may commit a false-flag operation.

I am not an expert on poison gas but as a World War One historian I’ve amassed a certain amount of knowledge about chemical warfare. I don’t know which chemical agents the Russians may use, so I’ll just talk about what I know. I can’t do much for Ukraine but maybe, just maybe, these tips may help someone if they end up in the horrifying situation of a gas attack.

Some general tips:

- Gas is about twice as heavy as air. This means it sinks. If gas is coming toward you, try to get to the closest high ground. Climb on top of a car, climb a tree, go to the top floor, whatever might get you above the drift of gas. After the gas has passed, avoid any low-lying areas or craters from shelling, as the gas may linger there for awhile. Obviously, it is best to be upwind of the gas in the first place, but of course this is not always possible.

- Do not try to outrun the gas. Gas is usually released when the wind is strong and steady. Not only will you end up remaining in the gas cloud for a longer amount of time as it keeps pace with you, but you will end up breathing hard and inhaling more gas. Instead, put your back to the direction the gas is coming from and tuck your head down toward your chest. Use your arms to shelter your face and squeeze your eyes tightly shut. If you have a sweater or blanket, drape it over your head. It won’t keep the gas out entirely but it can help minimize the damage. Breathe in and out through your nose and, if possible, try to silently recite a simple phrase, prayer, song lyrics, whatever that will help you keep your breaths steady and shallow.

- Gas can stick to you. After an attack, wash as soon as is possible and change your clothes. Do not touch your eyes. You may have tears streaming from your eyes and snot coming from your nose but don’t wipe your face until your hands are washed and you know whatever tissue you’re using is clean. Keep children from rubbing at their eyes.

- Do not drink or eat anything that was left out during a gas attack. It could cause severe damage to your stomach. If you have anything like soda or soup cans that may have been exposed, be sure to wash them off before opening.

- Pets can often be protected in the same way as people, including dogs, horses and rabbits. I don’t know for certain, but probably cats, rats and other mammals. No idea about things like reptiles and birds, sorry, but it might be worth a shot.

- Make your way to a hospital if possible. Many kinds of gas have side effects that only manifest later and can be deadly. Let them know that you have come in contact with poison gas and describe anything you can about the gas (color, smell, etc.). If you can’t make it to a hospital, let the people around you know that you may develop symptoms within the next 24-48 hours. Sleep propped up to help your breathing and try to avoid any stress on your lungs such as dust or running.

Chlorine:

- Chlorine gas is a pale green and smells like bleach or swimming pools. When it comes into contact with water, it becomes hydrochloric acid, AKA battery acid. It destroys eye and lung tissue, causing death or disability. Fortunately, you can cause this reaction to happen before it reaches your lungs. 

- If you see chlorine gas approaching, soak a piece of fabric such as your t-shirt in water and hold it over your mouth, nose and, if possible, your eyes. After the attack, immediately dispose of the fabric as it will be full of acid and could burn you.

- If you don’t have any water available, use something with a high water content, such as juice or soda. As a last resort, urine will also work.

- As soon as you can, wash your hands well and rinse out your eyes as many times as you can. If you think the gas may have come in contact with sweaty parts of your body (such as under your arms) wash those areas thoroughly too. Even a wet wipe or a piece of tissue dunked in soda is better than not cleaning the skin. 

Phosgene:

- Phosgene is colorless and smells of old hay but only at extremely high concentrations, otherwise it has no odor. When inhaled, it damages the way your lungs transfer oxygen to the blood, causing suffocation.

- When first encountered, it causes pain in the eyes, excessive tear production and temporary blindness. This will eventually fade, but more serious effects can result. 

- Within the next 48 hours, many who are exposed to phosgene will have their lungs slowly fill with fluid or will develop serious pneumonia. Individuals with chronic breathing conditions will be especially affected. It is important to set out for a hospital as soon as possible especially if there may be a long wait.

Mustard:

- Mustard Gas can be colorless but is usually mustard colored. It smells spicy, like mustard or garlic. Mustard Gas settles on the skin, soaking into it. It then burns its way back out, causing chemical burns and massive blisters full of the liquid form of the gas.

- Once the gas has passed, discard all of your clothing, every piece of it. It doesn’t matter how many layers you have, It will be soaked in the chemical down to skin level. Cut shirts away from your skin so you don’t drag it across your face and eyes. Do not let anyone touch it or they will be burnt by the gas as well. Place it in a sturdy plastic container with a lid if you can. Do NOT bury it, as mustard gas can remain unaffected underground for years.

- Wash yourself as you have never washed yourself before. Time is critical. As soon as the gas comes in contact with your skin, it begins soaking in. If multiple people have been gassed, pile everyone into the same shower, don’t take turns. Use warm water and soap and systematically go over your entire body. Mustard gas especially affects mucous membranes and damp areas, so focus on armpits, groin, back of the knees, eyelids, buttcrack, under the breasts, and under any folds of fat you may have. The labia and the areas where the penis and testicles touch each other and surrounding skin should be focused on. Also pay attention to where you might have been damp before you took your clothes off, such as waistbands or bra straps.

- If you do not have access to water, find some (clean) clay cat litter. Cat litter usually has bentonite clay in it which is used to soak up toxins. It will help neutralize the gas. Follow the above procedure, only using handfuls of the litter.

- Burns and blisters will begin to appear anywhere between 2 to 48 hours. Get to a hospital as soon as possible so they can decontaminate you more thoroughly. If decontamination procedures are followed, death is unlikely, but massive scarring, pain and other health problems such as infection can occur. Do NOT think that because you don’t see or feel anything that you are okay.

- The skin may itch fiercely. Do NOT scratch at it as it means a 2nd or 3rd degree burn may be forming there, you would be making it worse. Sit on your hands if you have to. Assume that a burn may appear in that area. Unless the skin is broken, rub more cat litter on it and then gently coat the area in vaseline.

- If you cannot reach a hospital, gently apply Vaseline where you see the burns emerging, especially the eyelids or they will stick together. Treat the burns like you would a heat burn, using petroleum based ointments to keep gauze from sticking. As burns develop, the intense pain means that the person usually can’t stand any form of clothing on them, so try to make sure you’re in a space that has some form of heat and privacy.

- When blisters form, poke them lightly with a pin and drain them. Make sure that the fluid inside does not touch the person’s skin, your skin or any blankets etc that are remaining with the person. The fluid inside is the liquid form of the gas coming back out and it can cause the same burns on your hands as it caused on the patient. Keep the liquid in something like a plastic jug until someone can tell you how to get rid of it.

Sarin:

As a heads up, I know less about Sarin than the others. 

- Sarin is colorless and odorless. Like Mustard Gas, in addition to being dangerous to inhale, it soaks into the skin. It damages the human nervous system, making it extremely deadly. Even the tiniest amount of Sarin can be lethal, so treat even the smallest exposure to the gas very seriously. Also like mustard gas it remains on the clothes, which need to be carefully disposed of and not touched. Cut them away from the person.

- A person affected by Sarin may first show classic gas symptoms: tearing, coughing, eyes burning. After this, the person may not act like themselves, twitching, drooling, sweating and speaking nonsense. They may not be able to control their legs, bowels or basic body movements and their heart rate may be altered.

- Sarin may puddle visibly on the skin. Wipe these drops off before they can soak in. Do not touch the liquid yourself. Wash the person with 1% bleach solution (meaning about 1 oz bleach to a gallon of water). Use gloves. Then use cat litter to try to soak up any remaining gas. Get the person to the hospital as soon as possible. 

- Atropine has been used to treat Sarin in the past; if the exposed person is being treated by someone not used to dealing with this kind of gas, you could suggest this to them. (Note: I am not a doctor, I am only stating that you could bring up the subject, I’m not prescribing it.)

I may add to this if I think of anything else. If you know more tips about poison gas, feel free to add to this or contact me. I want this to reach as many people as possible, so please signal boost this even if it isn’t related to your blog. I only speak English fluently, so if someone could please translate this into Ukrainian (or any other language for that matter) I would deeply appreciate it. This guide is not restricted to the situation in Ukraine and can be shared with anyone in the world who may face this. I’d like a little credit, but feel free to post this on other websites where it might better reach the target audience, such as Ukrainian social media, twitter, etc. I may be in error somewhere in these tips but I wrote them out of a sincere desire to help so don’t be jackass if you want to correct me.

Stay safe everyone. #IStandWithUkraine

Okey dokey

This dragon appears to be a juvenile of its species, as its wings (which are rounded like those of a sparrow and with white wing membranes that have goldenrod stripes) don't appear to be fully developed and it seems like it hasn't finished shedding its scales in favor of its adult molt. Most of its scales appear to be a lustrous pink color, especially around the head and neck, but closer inspection of shed scales reveal that the true color of the scales is actually dark brown, and the pink was actually just painted on. Its eyes are an electric blue color, and a teal ribbon is wrapped around its horns, which are similar to the horns of an ibex. Its waist, back legs and tail are covered in dark blue scales that seem to not be painted over, and at the end of its tail is an outgrowth of scales that can best be described as a mixture of an ankylosaur's tail club and a stegosaur's thagomizer. While the more outwardly scales on this appendage resemble the nails used for construction, this is only a coincidence.