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Quantum Lie Detector Proving Einstein Spooky Action Is Real?
Quantum Computing's "Lie Detector" Confirms Entanglement, Illuminating How Machines Apply Einstein's "Spooky Action"?
By the Science and Technology Desk
Researchers have created and put into practice a novel experimental method called a "quantum lie detector" to verify beyond a reasonable doubt that a quantum computing system is in fact displaying quantum mechanical activity. This new test provides a way to determine if the complex processes performed by these devices are indeed caused by quantum mechanics, like entanglement, or are just the product of a clever simulation based on classical physics.
Replicating a famous quantum physics experiment, the test uses a specially constructed quantum computer to create physical states that are practically unachievable in a classical system.
Challenges of Showing "Spooky Action"
Quantum computing aims to push computational limits beyond classical physics. Classical computers use binary bits (1s and 0s) to conduct calculations sequentially. However, by occupying a superposition of both the "on" and "off" states until they are measured, qubits which are utilized in quantum computers can perform parallel calculations.
A key component of quantum computers is quantum entanglement, which occurs when two or more qubits become connected over distance. When the state of one entangled qubit is measured, the states of its partners are instantly revealed. In order to express his discomfort with this nonlocality, Albert Einstein famously referred to it as "spooky action at a distance." The perspective, which was founded on local realism, held that an object's characteristics are known before it is measured (realism) and that it is only affected by its immediate environment (locality). Entanglement profoundly violates this relativity idea.
The Bell test is used by physicists to prove that entanglement is real and not the result of classical simulation or chance. It is determined by tracking entangled particles to check if the statistical correlations surpass Bell's Inequality, a threshold that no classical theory should be able to cross. When this limit is exceeded, nonlocality is demonstrated.
However, a significant barrier to certifying quantum operations is that it can be difficult to tell if an action is truly quantum because classical machines can partially duplicate quantum states using "brute-force mathematics." Since carrying out a quantum action does not always mean that the laws of physics have been broken, scientists want definitive techniques to demonstrate the fundamentals of quantum mechanics.
The Test for Quantum Lie Detection
To overcome this certification barrier, the researchers developed a new experiment that focusses on the energy state of the quantum system. They used a programmable "honeycomb" quantum processor with 73 qubits. This processor was trained using the Variational Quantum Circuit (VQC), a hybrid technique that employs a machine learning loop where a classical computer helps the quantum computer achieve improved accuracy.
The computer's assigned job was to reach the lowest energy condition. Similar to a ball at rest at the foot of a hill, zero is the lowest ground state that may be reached in classical physics. The system is said to be in a high, excited energy state when it is performing an action; it reaches its ground state when it is at rest and has no energy.
The equations of quantum physics, however, permit an energy level that is less than zero if entanglement is present. If the particles correlate through functionally diametric energy levels due to entanglement, then one or both of them may be in a negative energy state. Since the occurrence of this negative state is specifically prohibited by classical physics, it is evident that the physics regulating the system is quantum.
Using 48 standard deviations to demonstrate entanglement
The measured energy state was 48 standard deviations below the lowest energy level that could ever occur in a classical system, which was a strong validation from the experiment.
The researchers successfully validated the nonlocal correlations in groups of up to 24 qubits inside the larger system, the greatest simultaneous certification ever accomplished in this specific manner.
The foundation for verifying quantum activity is laid by this work. Engineers will eventually be able to thoroughly confirm how well these techniques work in a range of quantum designs. This method also helps to understand the critical point at which fragile quantum states “decohere” (or collapse) back into classical ones, which is important information for building larger and more powerful fault-tolerant quantum computers.
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#1155 How does a lie detector work?
How does a lie detector work? Lie detectors work by recording breathing rate, pulse, blood pressure, muscular activity, and perspiration to look for any changes. They are not admissible in court because they don’t always work. The modern lie detector (polygraph) was created in 1945, but there were many steps along the way. The first polygraph was invented in 1895 by Cesare Lombroso, which measured changes in blood pressure. In 1904, Vittorio Benussi added a way to test breathing speed as well. An American called William Moulton Marston took up the idea of the lie detector and he worked hard to get it used in American courts. He also invented the Wonder Woman cartoon character as well, with her lasso of truth. A device that could measure skin response as well was first used in 1939 by the FBI. Further changes were added until there was a device in 1945 that could do most of what modern devices could do. Today, the recording is digital and all of the sensors are far more delicate, but the idea remains the same. The name polygraph was given to the machine in 1921. “Poly” is Greek for many and “graph” is Greek for writing. It was created in 1871 to apply to a machine that could read different bodily signals, not for the purpose of detecting lies. The basic idea behind a lie detector is that telling a lie and trying not to be caught is a stressful experience. People who read body language say that they can tell when someone is lying because of where they look, their body language, the words and grammatical structures they use, and a host of other things. They probably can, but someone who is adept at lying could work to cover these things. The theory behind a polygraph is that you can learn to mask your gestures, but you cannot mask your body’s natural functions. When you tell a lie you will get stressed and your body will have a stress response. Your heart rate will go up, your breathing will speed up, your blood pressure will rise, your muscles will tense slightly, and you will sweat more. That is what a polygraph is measuring and they are so delicate that they can measure even very slight changes. The heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rates are fairly simple to measure, which is why the earliest polygraphs focused on those. Muscles tensing requires devices that can measure the electrical signals across muscles and sweating is measure in the same way. Sweat is measured with a galvanic skin response detector. When you sweat, your body releases water mixed with salt because it wants to make sure the salt levels in your body stay the same as you lose water. Salt conducts electricity more readily than just water or just skin and the detector can measure this electrical difference. When you go in for a lie detector test, the technician will wire all of the sensors to you. Before the test starts, the technician will stress how effective these tests are because that will increase the likelihood of a reaction when someone lies. The technician will ask a few questions to start with to gain a baseline and they will ask the person to lie once. The technician will announce that they detected the lie, whether they did or not, to emphasize the effectiveness of the test and to increase the stress a guilty person will feel. Then the technician will ask questions, mixing in questions that are not connected or questions they know to be true to make sure that their baseline is accurate. Afterwards, the technician will go over the data and look at the responses. In theory, tying these physical responses to the question will show when someone was lying. Polygraph technicians claim to be able to spot lies over 80% of the time. This is why polygraphs used to be admissible in court to help prove whether someone was guilty or innocent. They were disallowed when research revealed that they were actually far less effective than the technicians claimed. The problems are that innocent people can become extremely nervous when questioned in such a situation and produce a false positive. Another problem is that there are tactics to avoid a physical response on difficult questions. One is to pinch yourself really hard on all of the diagnostic questions. This will produce a pain response, which is identical to a stress response, making it impossible to tell lies from the truth. Another method is to just be calm. A third problem is that some people who have committed crimes don’t feel emotions in a normal way and would probably pass a lie detector. It is likely that innocent people have been found guilty and guilty people have been found innocent on the strength of polygraph results. And this is what I learned today. Liked this? Try these: - #388 How do metal detectors work? - #928 How does a motion detector work? - #100 Who came up with the phrase "flight or fight"? - #372 How does a smoke detector work? - #126 Is a space elevator possible? Sources https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232572993_Admissibility_of_Polygraph_Tests_The_Application_of_Scientific_Standards_Post-Daubert https://www.reddit.com/r/askscience/comments/l8me4e/how_do_lie_detectors_work_how_accurate_are_they/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygraph https://science.howstuffworks.com/question123.htm https://www.etymonline.com/word/polygraph https://www.healthline.com/health/why-is-sweat-salty#downsides Image By Federal Bureau of Investigation - https://multimedia.fbi.gov/large/3341, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63821903 Read the full article