firstly, what are honorifics?
honorifics play an extremely important role in korean - depending on who youโre talking to, sentences are conjugated differently. this is dependent on age and closeness of the person you are talking to. when youโre talking to anyone that is younger than you/close to you, you can talk to them informally, therefore all sentences will be conjugated informally. when talking to people that are older than you (and therefore deserves respect), you must speak to them formally. therefore, all sentences will be conjugated formally. there are two levels to this, but in this lesson, iโll only be briefly covering informal low respect (for people youโre close to/younger than you) and informal high respect (for people who are older than you/not as close to you). note: despite it beingย โinformalโ, the informal high respect conjugation can be used widely with most people, including strangers that are older than you!ย
before we dive into conjugation, here are some quick notes!
when speaking informally, you will refer toย โme/iโ as ๋. when speaking formally, you refer toย โme/iโ as ์ , and ์ is added to the end of your sentence to make it more formal. got it? letโs move onto conjugation!
past tense: ์์ด/์์ด(์) ๐
if the last vowel in a word stem is ใ
or ใ
, ์ is used to conjugate to the past tense.
if the last vowel in a word stem is anything butใ
orย ใ
, ์ is used to conjugate to the past tense.
say weโre conjugating the word ๋จน๋ค (to eat). the word stem here is ๋จนย and the last vowel in the word stem is ใ
, therefore ์์ด(์) is used to conjugate to the past tense:
> ์ ๋ ๋นต์ ๋จน์์ด์ (i ate bread)
์ is used, therefore sentence must be conjugated formally. as a result, ์ is used at the end
> ๋๋ ๋นต์ ๋จน์์ด (i ate bread)
๋ is used, therefore the sentence is informal. as a result, ์ is not added to the end of the sentence
say we want to conjugate the word ์๋ค (to sleep). the word stem is ์, and the last vowel in the stem is ใ
. therefore, ์์(์) is used to conjugate to the past tense!
> ์ ๋ ์ค์ด์ (i slept)
์ is used, therefore the sentence must be conjugated formally. as a result, ์ is added to the end of the sentence
> ๋๋ ์ค์ด (i slept)
๋ is used, therefore the sentence is informal. as a result, ์ is not added to the end of the sentence
present tense: ์/์ด(์) โจ
if the last vowel in the word stem is ใ
or ใ
, ์(์) is used to conjugate to the present tense.
if the last vowel in the word stem is anything other than ใ
or ใ
, ์ด(์) is used to conjugate to the present tense.
imagine we want to conjugate ์ฝ๋ค (to read). the last vowel in the word stem, ์ฝ, is ใ
ฃ. this is not ใ
or ใ
,ย therefore ์ด(์) is used to conjugate to the present tense.
> ์ ๋ ์ฝ์ด์ (i read)
again, ์ is used, therefore ์ is added to the end of the sentence to make it formal.
hereโs another example featuring the verb ๊ณต๋ถํ๋ค (to study). the last vowel in the word stem, ๊ณต๋ถํ, is ใ
, therefore ์(์) is used to conjugate to the present tense. because the last letter in the stem is a vowel, the ์ merges with ํ to form ํด. (you can read more about this on howtostudykorean.com, lesson 5!)
> ์ ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถํด์ (i study korean)
> ๋๋ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถํด (i study korean)
there are two main ways of conjugating to the future tense:
by adding ๊ฒ ์ด(์) to the end of the word stem
by adding ใน/์ ๊ฑฐ์(์) to the end of the word stem
they both translate to show that you will do/will be something, but the first method has a slightly different nuance from the second usage. this is because it implies a sense of determination.
hereโs an example featuring ๊ฐ๋ค (to go)
๊ฐ๋ค + ๊ฒ ์ด(์) = ๊ฐ๊ฒ ์ด(์)
> ์ ๋ ์ค๊ตญ์ ๊ฐ๊ฒ ์ด์ (i will go to china)
hereโs another example featuring ๋ง๋๋ค (to meet)
๋ง๋๋ค + ๊ฒ ์ด(์) = ๋ง๋๊ฒ ์ด(์)
> ๋๋ ์์๋ฅผ ๋ง๋๊ฒ ์ด (i will meet exo)
the second way of conjugating to the future tense, as previously stated, is by adding ใน/์ ๊ฑฐ์์ to the end of the word stem. unlike the first usage, there is no implication of determination - itโs simply just a way of conjugating to the future tense.
ใน is added when the last letter in a word stem is a vowel
์ is added when the last letter in a word stem is a consonant
hereโs an example featuring ์ต๋ค (to eat). the last letter in the word stem is ใฑ, therefore ์ ๊ฑฐ์์ is used!
> ์๋ ๋น๋น๋ฐฅ์ ๋จน์ ๊ฑฐ์์ (i will eat bibimbap)
hereโs another example featuring ๊ณต๋ถํ๋ค (to study). the last letter in the word stem is ใ
, therefore ใน ๊ฑฐ์์( is used!
> ์ ๋ ํ๊ตญ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต๋ถํ ๊ฑฐ์์ (i will study korean)
easy, right? if you need more help, please donโt hesitate to message me, or look at howtostudykorean.com (which is where these lessons are adapted from) for further explanation!