Fallacies of Ambiguity (errors in thinking created by confusions of language)
1. Equivocation: Use of double meanings of a word or an imprecision in its definition to blur or shift its meaning. "He claims to be a conservative, yet he spend lavishly"
2. Amphiboly: Confusion in argument created by unclear sentence structure, such as results from dangling or misplaces modifiers. "Charles wounded the burglar with a gun"
3. Jargon: Use of technical terms or in-group language in an inappropriate context to confuse the issue and possibly to dazzle or stun the audience into acceptance
Fallacies of Relevance (errors in thinking created by bringing in ideas or emotions which are not relevant to the argument)
4. Ad hominem: (against the man) Shifting an argument based on reason to an attack on the arguer. " You can't believe him. He's been in prison"
5. Ad verecundiam: (appeal to authority) accepting an argument not on its own merit but because of the status of the person putting it forward
6. Ad populam: (appeal to gallery) attempting to win the popular assent to a conclusion by arousing the emotions and enthusiams of the multitude. Usually containing bandwagon appeal. "1000 housewives can't be wrong"
7. Ad baculum: (appeal to force) arguing that a statement is true because the opporient will be harmed if he or she does not assent to it. "If you don't buy our product, your competitor will get ahead of you and cut you out of the market."
8. Ad misericordlam: (appeal to pity) arguing for the truth of the statement because someone would suffer if it were false
9. Hasty generalization: generalizing from unrepresentative or insufficient cases
10. Ad ignorantum: (argument from ignorance) Arguing that a statement is true because there is no evidence which shows it to be false and visa versa
11. Argument in a circle: using as a conclusion material that has already been assumed in one of its premises
A: "You've got to do what I say because I'm in charge"
B: "How do I know that you're in charge?"
A: "Because everyone has got to do what I say."
12. False dilemma: presenting only extremes "He is either a hero or a villain"