#hetman

Az elmúlt hetekben Bükkábrányban talált világoskék üvegtöredék, amelynek felszínét sötétkék szálrátét díszítette egy kelta üvegkarperechez tartozott. A kelta kultúrában igen kedveltek voltak az üveg ékszerek, amelyeknek több változatát és formáját ismerték. Ezek a tárgyak nem csak a díszes viseletről árulkodnak, hanem az üvegművesség nagy fokú ismeretéről is. A Bükkábrányi példány a Kr. e. III. századra keltezhető.

Németh Attila

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Gdy za plecami czai się śmierć.

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Odwróć do mnie się!

Daj mi dłoń, podaj swą dłoń.

Dziś normalnie żyj jak ja.

Nie bój się - obejmę Cię.

Świat uśmiechnie do nas się.

'Cossacks lived at first in settlements of tents made of hides, reminiscent of the nomadic iurty, though as their way of life stabilized they began to build wooden or clay houses (kuren) grouped in a stanitsa, a village or fortified camp. They would use islands or even churches as strongholds to which they could retire with their flocks if attacked. They practiced a mixture of primitive democracy and ruthless authoritarianism, characteristic of communities that live in a highly vulnerable environment and whose members are dependent on each other to survive in it. They were intensely proud of their status as "free men" and were prepared to defend their volia (liberty) to the utmost. At the same time, in preparing and conducting military campaigns, they obeyed their leaders implicitly, and indiscipline was harshly punished, sometimes even with the death penalty. With the passage of time their institutions became more elaborate, but the basic unit remained what it had long been in the steppe: the krug, or circle, which was a gathering of all the members of a band or army unit. It elected their leader (hetman on the Dnieper; ataman on the Don) and took decisions on the most important affairs, whenever possible by consensus rather than by voting. The Army Circle in Cherkassk was the nearest thing the Don Cossacks possessed to a supreme sovereign body: it would conduct negotiations with foreign envoys, conclude alliances, and declare war or negotiate peace. It would also elect the army ataman, who was military leader and head of the administration. Until the late seventeenth century or so, the Cossacks despised agriculture as unworthy of free men, and in any case futile in such a vulnerable environment. They were thus compelled, like all nomads, either to seize agricultural produce or to trade in order to purchase it. They would sell fish, meat, hides, or honey, but they would also attack and plunder merchant ships, especially on the Caspian, and sometimes even attempt raids on shore settlements to capture goods, produce, or slaves.'