#early computers

Hopper’s career as a computer scientist and programmer began in 1944, after she left her teaching position as an associate professor of mathematics at Vassar to enlist in the United States Naval Reserve (Women’s Reserve) during World War II, a decision that would eventually earn her the rank of Rear Admiral. In 1944, she was assigned to the Harvard University Mark I computer programming team. Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab until 1949, when she accepted a senior mathematician position at the Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation, joining the team developing the UNIVAC I. She would eventually become the company’s first director of automatic programming and a strong proponent of the idea that programmers could develop machine-independent programming languages. She became the first person to develop a compiler for programming languages and her department would release some of the first compiler-based programming languages. Their combined work in using and popularizing these tools led directly to the development of COBOL (thus earning Hopper the nickname “Grandma COBOL”). Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, the often tedious and detail-oriented behind the scenes work of programming was frequently considered to be women’s work. By the 1960s, approximately 40% of the working computer programmers in the United States were women, but few were hired to occupy leadership positions and nearly all were paid less than their male coworkers. Despite having created the widely cited 500-page comprehensive manual for the Harvard Mark I, Hopper was not once specifically credited in the manual for her authorship or her programming contributions. By the time of her death in 1992, however, she had achieved recognition for her work in the form of many honors, including the 1962 Data Processing Management Association Man of the Year award (now the Distinguished Information Sciences Award) and the 1991 National Medal of Technology; she was also the first American and the first woman of any nationality to be made a Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society and held forty various honorary degrees from universities worldwide. This photograph is from our collection of Sperry Corporation, UNIVAC Division photographs and audiovisual materials (Accession 1985.261). To view more items from this collection online, visit its page in our Digital Archive by clicking here. To view a digital collection of photos and other materials documenting Grace Hopper and other women computer programmers, click here.