We Need To Talk About Kevin standard edition DVD

Director: Lynne Ramsay Released: May 12, 2011 Includes: 1 disc of feature film. Special Features: 

• Cast and Crew Interviews

Just got this amazing piece of the Rediscovered Frontiers, my Archie/IDW Sonic the Hedgehog fanfic, redesign of Julie-Su from Archie Sonic Online’s very own @drawloverlala !

She looks so cool!

If you’re interested in checking out the fic check it out here!

(Patient being fitted with a prosthetic nose)

File this entire post under "things you didn't expect to read about today." I give you: prosthetic noses, eyes, and dentures in the Edo period.

The following information comes from Nasal and Orbital Epitheses in Japan Until Early Modern Times by Yoshida Kasuya. You can find the full text of the article here if you're interested in reading more. It's free and does not require academic login.

I've edited the excerpts below to focus on the main points. The original article goes into more detail about the history of epitheses (artificial facial parts used to reconstruct damaged areas of the face) both abroad and in Japan, and the histories of the assorted types of craftsmen who created these items in Japan. The original also has a ton of pictures for illustration purposes.

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Some Take-Away Points

+ Japanese epitheses were created by craftsmen, rather than medical professionals. People who created Buddhist statues, Noh masks, and netsuke created dentures and prosthetic eyes and noses.

+ Written documentation suggests dentures were known and used in Japan beginning somewhere between the late 13th and early 14th Centuries.

+ A common reason people needed prosthetic noses was syphilis, which has been reported in Japan since the early 1500s. Sugita Genpaku estimated in 1810 that 70-80% of his patients had syphilis. Ew.

+ A common reason people needed artificial eyes was due to Gonorrheal conjunctivitis, a leading cause of blindness in the Edo period.

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Article excerpts of Interest

Tanba Suemoto (1249–1323) reportedly created dentures for edentulous men and is considered the inventor of wooden dentures; however, no concrete evidence has been excavated. Wooden dentures, which may have been based on this technology, developed solely in Japan, and the world’s first complete denture with retention by suction force was used in the 16th century. These wooden dentures were astonishingly invented by craftsmen without dental knowledge, 300 years before Western dentists.

... Historical flyers, signs, books, and other materials suggest that denturists also created orbital epithesis and nasal epithesis. Although the origin of denturists remains unknown, skilled craftsmen who carved Buddha statues, Netsukes, and Noh masks may have initially been asked to make dentures by their relatives or acquaintances as favors.

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Evidence is abundant of the prevalence of syphilis and use of artificial noses in the Edo period (1603–1868), including Senryu (a seventeen- syllable poem, which is often satirical of the times), Ukiyo-e, Nishiki-e, books, and Rakugo (comic monologues).

Many of the phrases in senryu are based on people who lost their noses to syphilis. These include “Oya no me wo nusunde musuko hana ga ochi (Unbeknownst to parents, son’s nose fell off)” and “Kushami site namusan tonda saikubana (Sneezing, oops, artificial nose flew away). ... A Rakugo story called “Okafui” is named after a man with a missing nose caused by syphilis who tried to pronounce the word “okashii (funny),” but it sounded like “okafui.”

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The manufacturing method for artificial eyes was also introduced in “Ganka Kinno”(1831), written by Honjo Fuichi (1798–1846). While the gyokugan was made of crystal, the artificial eye was made of glass, and its inner surface was colored in the same way as the gyokugan. The method of coloring the pupil and iris is described in detail [in the book].

The oldest known artificial eye is 4,800 years old. It belonged to a woman in what is now Iran.

Lilting (2014)

Directed by Hong Khaou

“Blue colored glass eyes from Queen & Co. Oculists & Opticians of Philadelphia.” 1891. 

This is quite an old story (2006), but I’m pretty sure it’s not one that a lot of people know about. The false eye is made of tar and animal fat, although when this story was written, that wasn’t known. It was found in the woman’s skull, and appears to have been in place when she was alive. Amazing.