Need this kind of support in my life
Cosimo Galluzzi
noise dept.
he wasn't even looking at me and he found me
Misplaced Lens Cap
will byers stan first human second
DEAR READER

ellievsbear
$LAYYYTER

Love Begins
Cosmic Funnies
Three Goblin Art

Discoholic šŖ©

@theartofmadeline
I'd rather be in outer space šø

izzy's playlists!

ā

Andulka
Not today Justin
tumblr dot com


seen from Indonesia
seen from Austria

seen from United States

seen from United Kingdom

seen from Sweden

seen from United Kingdom
seen from Malaysia
seen from Malaysia
seen from United Kingdom

seen from Singapore
seen from United States

seen from United Kingdom
seen from France

seen from Poland

seen from Türkiye

seen from United States

seen from Türkiye
seen from United Kingdom

seen from United Kingdom
seen from United States
@study-crazed
Need this kind of support in my life

Anya is live and ready to show you everything. Watch her strip, dance, and perform exclusive shows just for you. Interact in real-time and make your fantasies come true.
Free to watch ⢠No registration required ⢠HD streaming
Molecular embroidery!
The oxidative phosphorylation pathway and chemiosmosis (on a shirt!)
āSo, if med school doesnāt work out, at least now you know how to freebase cocaineā
ā Organic Chem teacher at the end of a tangent

Anya is live and ready to show you everything. Watch her strip, dance, and perform exclusive shows just for you. Interact in real-time and make your fantasies come true.
Free to watch ⢠No registration required ⢠HD streaming
Organic Chemistry: Electrophilic Additions to Alkenes
Hey all! I wanted to put together a few review guides for the reactions I learned in my organic chemistry 1 class. Iām starting off with the alkene-related reactions, specifically with electrophilic additions. Despite being super hard to fully conceptualize (I still have trouble with them!!), theyāre very important to recognize, because the same patterns repeat with other reaction types, particularly with alkynes. Iāll go through each reaction type here with a quick mechanism and jot down important bits of info. But before I start, I used a lot of abbreviations, so hereās a key:
R+ is carbocation
R is any group with a carbon
IM is intermediate
X is halogen
E+ is electrophile
RDS is rate-determining step
HOMO is highest occupied molecular orbital
LUMO is lowest unoccupied molecular orbital
Squiggly lines indicate enantiomers formed due to alternating wedges and dashes
Addition of HX
Introducing Markovnikovās rule: the formation of a more stable R+ is favored b/c itās a lower energy process
Alkene additions proceed faster via a more stable R+ IM (kinetics)
Tri-substituted carbons are favored over mono-substituted carbons
X is added to the more substituted carbon
Always watch for stereochemistry! Enantiomers can be formed as products
Carbocation RearrangementsĀ
Carbocation rearrangements will occur so the R+ is as stable as possible
Thatās why the Markovnikov product wonāt always be the major product
Rearrangements usually occur through hydride shifts, but alkyl shifts can also happen if thatās the only possible route
Remember: always check to see where the positive charge is atā if you can shift a hydrogen or methyl group over to make that carbon extra substituted, then itās probably right
With the orbital alignment (aka alkyl shift), thereās a filled-empty orbital overlap, where the migrating bond is aligned with the empty 2p orbital
Ring Expansions
Some questions are gonna ask you to do ring expansions, so always think alkyl shifts (again, this is so we form the most stable R+)
NUMBER. YOUR. CARBONS. This will get messy
Note that even though the di-substituted carbon doesnāt change after the first arrow, the shape changes from cyclopentane to cyclohexane, so itās thermodynamically more stable
Hydration
This follows Markovnikovās ruleā the OH group is always on the more substituted carbon of the alkene
Also this is pretty much a repeat of HX addition, but with some acid-base action
Pro-tip: your catalyst, H3O+, is always gonna be the electrophile, and your nucleophile is always gonna be the double bond, so START THERE!
Thereās gotta be water after that first step (hydration, duh)
Your water is now a nucleophile, and itās gonna start attacking the R+
Remember to follow through with any possible R+ rearrangementsā we wonāt need it here b/c the R+ is already tri-substituted
Your catalyst MUST be regenerated!! *insert acid-base reaction*
Side note: alkene dehydration is the reverse of hydration and is an E1 processĀ
DONāT ADD H2O/H3O+ UNDER DEHYDRATION CONDITIONS
Instead, use a strong acid, like concentrated H2SO4
Oxymercuration-Demercuration
This is essentially an alkene āhydrationā w/o the rearrangement part
We donāt have rearrangement b/c the mercurinium ion doesnāt have a carbon
When the mercurinium ion bridge breaks, the nucleophile (in the second example, water), attacks the MORE substituted carbon, whereas the HgOAc attacks onto the LESS substituted carbon
The OH and HgOAc add ANTI to each other, but then the H from BH4- changes orientation on the LESS substituted carbon (forming diastereomers)
Side note: as a variation, you can also use an alcohol (ROH) instead of H2O in the oxymercuration step
Hydroboration/ Oxidation
The double bond nucleophile attacks the empty orbital in BH3
The BH3 attaches onto the LESS substituted carbon, so the positive charge builds on the MORE substituted carbon
I like drawing the third H in BH3 as an extension of BH2, so I can visually see the hydride shift
The OH from the peroxide basically replaces the BH2
The specific steps with BH3 get messy, so I was taught a revised methodā basically, a concerted addition of BH3 w/ an internal H- transfer
There is regioselectivity in the sense that the partial positive charge follows Markovnikovās rule
There is stereospecificity due to the syn (same side) addition of H and BH2 in the hydroboration product
Alkene Halogenation
Note that I2 doesnāt work here as a possible halogen
Markovnikov regioselectivity is present
There is ANTI stereospecificity, as in the two individual Xās from X2 attach themselves as opposite wedges and dashes
Alkene Halohydrin Formation
This is very similar to the previous alkene halogenation, except the second X in X2 doesnāt attach onto the final product
Rather, the nucleophile replaces the second X
Markovnikov regioselectivity is also present (this is SN1-like)
There is ANTI stereospecificity yet again (this is SN2-like)
And thatās it! Well, this is a good chunk of alkene reactions (and a pretty brief version of it). Regardless, I hope this is helpful! I hope to follow up with extra review mechanisms for additional alkene and alkyne reactions. Thanks for reading!!
A newĀ āHow To Studyā series!! Part 1 of ???
see part 2: How To Study Physics
How to study BIOCHEMISTRY (from yours truly, a biochem major at ucla)
(but also note that iāve only taken one biochem specific class so far but this class was general biochemistry so hopefully the tips and tricks i learned from taking this class will apply to higher levels of biochemistry!)
studygram: @markiveelle
Biochemistry is a VERY dense subject, it requires a good background in general chemistry (such as acids and bases, thermodynamics) and a strong biology background (hence BIO cheMISTRY) (who would have ever guessed)
Anyways I like to think that biochem is not exactly a strenuous subject in that you wonāt need to rack your brain to solve application problems, but it DOES require a LOT of memorization which is arguably less painful, but is still scary.
General Memorization Tips
Start early! The earlier you start your studying, the more time your brain has to process the information which means it will get more comfortable with it and youāll probably be able to remember it more easily later.
BABY STEPS, donāt try to memorize like 600 terms in one sitting. Youāll probably get them mixed up. The brain doesnāt work that way (for most of us!). Instead, start with the first ten things, get them down really well, then move on to the next ten, then try to get all twenty together. And then the next ten, and then a cumulative self check, and so on. I think this was the best way to start. You have to find how much information you can retain in one sitting!
Make use of free time, try to recall things when youāre waiting in line for food, for the bus, for the shower to warm up, etc. Jogging your memory at all times helps make it more solid.
Make whatever youāre studying your phone/laptop background so itās of easy access to you! I made the amino acids my iPad lockscreen when I was trying to memorize all of those!
Seriously flashcards help
Memorizing the 20 Amino Acids (and their structuresā¦) in one week
My first quiz in my biochemistry class was to be able to remember all 20 amino acid names, three letter abbreviations, one letter abbreviations, and structures at physiological pH. It was scary lol I had to memorize all that in oNE WEEK (evil)
Grouping them into their respective types can help you in the long run when you may be asked which amino acids are present in polar/nonpolar environments.Ā
I started memorizing the negative and positive amino acids first (there were the least of them lol). I used the cumulative batches method where I memorized the negative ones completely and then moved onto positive ones, and then did a cumulative self check. When I felt comfortable with those I moved onto nonpolar, then aromatic, then polar (idk why i did that order tho)
Most of the one letter abbreviations are the first letter of the name of the amino acid, especially in the nonpolar cases. I remembered the names and abbreviations of the nonpolar ones by just remembering GAVLIMP (read down the column!)
Glutamic Acid is GLU, E (which just spells glue)
Arginine is ARG ARRR Ā® like a pirate (lol)
Glutamine is Q and thatās weird so that resonated with me
Glutamine and Asparagine are similar to Glutamic Acid and Aspartic Acid in structure!
The nonpolar amino acid structures kind of build upon the previous one, which is also how I remembered those structures
I mainly took advantage of photographic memory in this case because whenever I was asked to recall a certain amino acid, in my head I would think about where that amino acid was on this poster I made. That helped my brain keep everything organized!
Memorizing Fatty Acids/Certain Carbohydrates
FLASH CARDS
Whenever you have to identify or name things, flashcards are the best!! I remember I made flashcards for everything on this page and me and my friends quizzed each other while waiting to be seated at korean bbq lol
Photographic memory again!! Write out all the stuff you gotta know onto one piece of paper (try to limit it to just one side) and study from that. Itās like organizing how your brain will remember stuff (kinda like you knowing exactly where something is in your drawer because you organized it that way)
Memorizing Pathways or Cycles
Glycolysis was the first pathway I had to remember, this one took me the longest because we were required to remember the structures, the names of the enzymes, the cofactors, LITERALLY EVERYTHING in one week it was a STRESS MESS
On this poster I have the detailed version that includes structures on the top and then a brief overview on the bottom that just has the names of stuff. I thought this helped (not sure how)
If you have taken organic chemistry in the past, then memorizing the structures may come a little easier to you because the names of the structures are super close to IUPAC naming so you can deduce from there!
Itās important to run through this IN ORDER over and over and over. Write it out so your hand gets a feel for it.Ā
GOING IN ORDER IS JUST SO IMPORTANT because it conditions your brain to follow that order and youāll notice that everything builds upon the other (the brain loves patterns and order so this will expedite memorization)
We also had to track carbons, so color coding would have helped in this case too! Color code each carbon so itās clear where everything goes.Ā
I think biochemistry is also a subject that requires a lot of time and effort, so make sure you give yourself time to study for it. Make a good study group as well so that you have many other people to correct you if you make mistakes, and you can correct them on their mistakes! I also think that catching errors or learning from previous errors is the BEST way to remember the RIGHT information because it shakes you; no one likes to be wrong!
But also remember that everyone has their own habits, find the study tricks that work best for YOU! The more you study, the more you discover what benefits you more. Keep an open mind and a good attitude towards the subject you are working on, and remember that so long as you try your HARDEST youāll be proud of yourself in the end!!!
Ā 4.0 high school students after starting universityĀ
GOOD STUDYING VS BAD STUDYING
GOOD STUDYING
Use recall. When you look at a passage and try to study it, Ā look away and recall the main ideas. Try recalling concepts when you are walking to class or in a different room from where you originally learned it. An ability to recallāto generate the ideas from inside yourselfāis one of the key indicators of good learning.
Test yourself. On everything. All the time. Flashcards are your best friend. Use quizlet if you donāt want to hand-make flashcards. Get somebody to test you on your notes.
Space your repetition. Spread out your learning in any subject a little every day, just like an athlete. Donāt sit and study one subject for 2 hours, do half an hour every day.
Take breaks. It is common to be unable to solve problems or figure out concepts in math or science the first time you encounter them. This is why a little study every day is much better than a lot of studying all at once. When you get frustrated, take a break so that another part of your mind can take over and work in the background. You need breaks in order for your brain to retain the information. Try the Pomodoro method if you have trouble timing breaks!
Use simple analogies. Whenever you are struggling with a concept, think to yourself, How can I explain this so that a ten-year-old could understand it? Using an analogy really helps. Say it out loud, like youāre teaching it, whether itās to an imaginary class or your sister who couldnāt care less. Ā The additional effort of teaching out loud allows you to more deeply encode.
Focus. Turn off your phone / iPad / any distractions and clear your desk of everything you do not need. Use apps like Forest if you canāt stay off them!
Do the hardest thing earliest in the day, when youāre wide awake and less likely to push it aside.
BAD STUDYING
Avoid these techniquesāthey can waste your time even while they fool you into thinking youāre learning!
Passive rereadingāsitting passively and running your eyes back over a page. This is a waste of time, frankly, and doesnāt do anything to help information pass into your brain without recall.
Over-highlighting. Colouring a passage of text in highlighter isnāt helpful at all. Itās good for flagging up key points to trigger concepts and information, but make sure what you highlight goes in.
Waiting until the last minute to study. DONāT CRAM!!!
Doing what you know. This isnāt studying! This is like learning how to juggle but only throwing one ball.Ā
Neglecting the textbook. Would you dive into a pool before you knew how to swim? The textbook is your swimming instructorāit guides you toward the answers.Ā
Not asking your teachers for help. They are used to lost students coming in for guidanceāitās their job to help you.Ā
Not getting enough sleep. Your brain practices and repeats whatever you put in mind before you go to sleep, as well as retaining information and repairing itself. Prolonged fatigue allows toxins to build up in the brain that disrupts the neural connections you need to think quickly and well.Ā
Me: ok time to focus on my organic chemistry reading! :)
My brain as soon as I open the book:

Anya is live and ready to show you everything. Watch her strip, dance, and perform exclusive shows just for you. Interact in real-time and make your fantasies come true.
Free to watch ⢠No registration required ⢠HD streaming
I just want to use this to tell every studyblr and myself: Everyday you work a little harder than the average people, you will make a huge difference; Instead, you donāt think wasting a little time in a day is a big deal, you will be left far behind.
How to Never Fall Behind in Classes
Alternatively titled: How to Use Your Planner or How Organization and Discipline Will Get You Better Grades
This is my full guide on how to use your planner effectively and make sure that you are never missing deadlines or falling behind in classwork and homework. This is definitely more about the university level and works best with a dated planner, rather than a bullet journal. Letās get started!Ā
Get all of your syllabi together and write down dates. Go through one class at a time and mark down all of your major tests and assignment due dates. I recommend putting these dates into the monthly and weekly views, and perhaps coming up with a symbol or other indicator that tells you they are of utmost importance.Ā
Make a weekly schedule of when to complete readings and do a weekly review of notes.Ā Instead of trying to randomly decide when to do these things, assign a date for each task for each class. If you have a tutorial on Tuesday, do the assigned readings for it every Wednesday. I recommend scheduling one to two weekly tasks per day, and to leave a few days open, whether it be weekends or days when you have a lot of classes.
Make a master list of assignments.Ā I find that sometimes, even having due dates in the calendar view isnāt enough, and they can still sneak up on you. The master list will be a good place to double check if you have any deadlines approaching easily.Ā
In the week or so before a due date, create a checklist of smaller tasks needed to complete the assignment. Set individual due dates for each smaller task by working backwards from the due date. Smaller tasks may include finding sources, making an outline, writing a rough draft, and editing and adding references to create a final copy. Write the smaller tasks into your daily to-do list.Ā
You can also do this with studying for tests, but the checklist would look slightly different. You could either sort by study method (first do flashcards, then do essay outlines, etc.) or sort by the topics you need to study.Ā
Stick to the schedule you have made. Obviously, if something comes up and you need to move your to-do list around, do so! But if you arenāt doing anything and you see readings on your list of daily tasks.. do them. Having the plan set out like this makes it easier for you to remain disciplined.Ā
Why use this method?Ā
By creating a schedule for repeated weekly tasks like completing readings, you make sure that you canāt repeatedly push off smaller tasks until you are weeks behind. I donāt think it is very reliable to just will yourself to do readings, or to keep up with them without tracking it.Ā
By writing down all of your due dates, you will never be shocked to find out something is due the night before. You will know and you will be prepared.Ā
By creating smaller checklists of tasks to complete before a major test or assignment, you will never find yourself in a situation where you have an essay due in a few days and havenāt even started. You will be following a timeline and making sure you donāt have to rush.
I know this system may seem rigorous, but planning is the only way you can keep on top of your workload in university! Falling behind is a lot harder if you are organized and disciplined, and being on top of your workload will help you a lot when it comes to exam times⦠no cramming and all-nighters if you have been consistent all semester!Ā
@rose-colored-studies
How to Finish
I drew this poster for Jon Acuff and his FINISH book tour. Big thanks to Jon for this collaboration, his book has some great ideas about how to complete creative and life goals.
Love this, but reblogging it specifically for āGet rid of secret rules.ā Thatās one of the most amazing illustrationsāand pointsāIāve ever seen.
so important especially for perfectionists who procrastinate and never finish, or even start because they set such high standards for themselves.
āTrade perfect for doneā resonates so strongly.
Also, āsimplify your taskā! There were so many projects in college that I didnāt get nearly as good a grade as I would have if I had simplified it because I always bit off more than I could chew with my grand ideas

Anya is live and ready to show you everything. Watch her strip, dance, and perform exclusive shows just for you. Interact in real-time and make your fantasies come true.
Free to watch ⢠No registration required ⢠HD streaming
You are doing so great!
Thanks for the inspiration @stateofstudy :)