noise dept.
wallacepolsom

#extradirty
RMH
đȘŒ

romaâ
Mike Driver
i don't do bad sauce passes
"I'm Dorothy Gale from Kansas"
Alisa U Zemlji Chuda
2025 on Tumblr: Trends That Defined the Year
Show & Tell

izzy's playlists!
I'd rather be in outer space đž
Jules of Nature

⣠Chile in a Photography âŁ
Cosimo Galluzzi
Sweet Seals For You, Always

pixel skylines

ç„æ„ / Permanent Vacation

seen from Japan
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seen from Brazil
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@ourmostpowerfultool

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A map of the human mouth where each word is preformed             Â
Orthographic depth
Languages have different levels of othographic depth, that means that a languageâs orthography can vary in a spectrum of a very irregular and complex orthography (deep orthography) to a completely regular and simple one (shallow orthography).Â
English, French, Danish, Swedish, Arabic, Urdu, Tibetan, Burmese, Thai, Khmer, Lao, Chinese, and Japanese have orthographies that are highly irregular, complex and where sounds cannot be predicted from the spelling. These writing systems are more difficuld and slow to be learned by children, who may take years. In the medium of the scale thereâs Spanish, Portuguese, German, Polish, Greek, Russian, Persian, Hindi, Korean, where there are some irregularities but overall the correspondence of one sound to one phoneme is not that bad. At the positive end of the scale thereâs Italian, Serbo-Croat, Romanian, Finnish, Basque, Turkish, Indonesian, Quechua, Ayamara, Guarani, Mayan languages, and most African languages (because there were no history of spelling, so a new one of scratch was made as very regular), they all have very simple and regular spelling systems, with usually a one-to-one correspondence between sounds and letters. These are very easily learned by children.Â
Orthographic depth has several implications for the study of psycholinguistics and the study of language processing and also acquisition of reading and writing by children.Â
Note: remember that thereâs no objective numbering on the three categories I made, there are more than just these three categories, because it works like a spectrum. Three categories were used just as a means for simplification.Â
Nasal harmony
Nasal harmony is a tendency for assimilation of other consonants and vowels to the nasality of a neighbouring nasal vowel or nasal consonant. For exemple in GuaranĂ certain affixes have alternative forms according to whether the root includes a nasal (vowel or consonant) or not. For example, the reflexive prefix is realized as oral je- before an oral stem like juka âkillâ, but as nasal ñe- before a nasal stem like nupĂŁ âhitâ. The ĂŁ makes the stem nasal.
Nasal harmony occurs in many South American languages like GuaranĂ, other Tupi languages, EmberĂĄ, Otomi languages, Chibchan languages (e.g. NgĂ€bere) and some Bantu languages (like Umbundu and Kimbundu).Â
These languages are mainly in central and South America and in Africa. If you know other languages that exhibit this phenomenon please let me know!
Mandarin exclamative particles and interjections
ć (a) ah (surprise, just realized something)
ć (ya) used instead of ć when the preceding word ends in a vowel (same meaning as ćïŒ
ć (ai) sigh
ćŠ (Ăł) oh (ohhh I understand, thatâs so)
ć (ĂČ) oh (aknowleges that you heard something but shows you arenât happy about it)
èŻ¶/æŹž (ei) hey (expressed sudden excitement, disappointment or can be used to get someoneâs attention)
-I excluded the tone because depending on the context / tone of voice it has different meanings
ćŠ (yĂ) a sound that expresses confusion
ć (wa) wow
ćć (hÄha) haha
ć (wĂ©i) hello (on the phone) hey (getting a personâs attention)
ćż (hÄi) hey
ćŻ (Än) expresses agreeement / a groan
è€ (hĂĄ) what? huh? (used when you need a clarification or youâre so surprised you canât believe)
ćŒ (hÄng) hesitation grunt
ćć (ÄiyĆu) ugh, ouch, darn it, whoops
ćć (ÄiyÄ) oh no (complaint / expresses something annoying)
æç怩ćȘ (wÇ de tiÄn na) oh my god
æçćŠć (wÇ de mÄ ya) oh my god (lit. Oh my mother)
çç? (zhÄnde) really?
éŁćœç¶äș (nĂ dÄngrĂĄn le) of course, totally agree
ć€ȘćŻæäș (tĂ i kÄxÄ« le) what a pity, thatâs too bad
èżæ ·ć? (zhĂšyĂ ng a) really? is that so?
ćæ„ćŠæ€ (yuĂĄnlĂĄirĂșcÇ) so thatâs how it is
äœ èŸèŠäș (nÇ xÄ«nkÇ le) youâve worked hard (a thanks for efforts)
äżéèȘć·± (bÇozhĂČng zĂŹjÇ) take care of yourself
ć„œć„œäŒæŻ (hÇohÇo xiĆ«xi) get some rest, rest well
éŁć„œ (nĂ hÇo) all right, ok (ends conversation)
ć°±èżæ ·ć§ (jiĂč zhĂšyĂ ng ba) ok thatâs all for now (ends conversation)
Instead of äżéèȘć·± (bÇozhĂČng zĂŹjÇ) you can also say ç §éĄŸèȘć·± (zhĂ ogu zĂŹjÇ)

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How to teach yourself linguistics online for free
Wish you were enrolled in an intro linguistics class this semester? Starting a linguistics major and looking for extra help? Trying to figure out whether you should study linguistics and what comes after? Â Whether youâre just trying to grasp the basics of linguistics or youâre trying to construct a full online linguistics course, hereâs a comprehensive list of free linguistics websites, podcasts, videos, blogs, and other resources from around the internet:Â
Linguistics Podcasts
Specific episodes:
The International Phonetic Alphabet and vowels
Constituency
Gricean Maxims and presuppositions
Kids These Days arenât ruining language
Learning languages linguistically
Phonemes and palatalization
Prepositions, determiners, verbs
Morphemes and the wug test
Why do we gesture when we talk?
Syllables
Podcasts in general:
Lingthusiasm
The History of English Podcast
Talk the Talk
Lexicon Valley
The World in Words
A Way With Words
Vocal Fries
Linguistics Videos
Modular topics:
NativLang (cartoons)
The Ling Space
Tom Scottâs Language Files
Arika Okrent (whiteboard videos)
Structured video series like an online course: Â
Introduction to Linguistics (TrevTutor)
Another intro linguistics series (DS Bigham)
Phonology (TrevTutor)
Mathematical linguistics (TrevTutor)
Syntax (TrevTutor)
Another syntax series following the chapter structure of a free online syntax textbook (Caroline Heycock)
The Virtual Linguistics Campus at Marburg University
âMiracles of Human Languageâ (on Coursera from Leiden University)
Blog posts
General
How much do I need to know before taking intro linguistics? (Spoiler: not much)Â
28 tips for doing better in your intro linguistics course
How to find a topic for your linguistics essay or research paper
For typesetting linguistics symbols:Â What is LaTeX and why do linguists love it? (with sample LaTeX doc to download and modify).
Further linguistics resources about specific areas, such as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, language acquisition (first/second), historical linguistics, neurolinguistics, prescriptivism.Â
Phonetics & Phonology
How to make your own paper model of the larynx
Teaching phonetics using lollipops
How to remember the IPA vowel chart
How to remember the IPA consonant chart
IPA transcription practice
A detailed explanation of sonorants, obstruents, and sonority
A very elaborate Venn diagram of English phonological features
The basics of how Optimality Theory works, with coffee analogy
Allophones of /t/, explained with internet gifs
Several good visualizations and explanations of the vocal tract
How to type IPA on your phone (Android and iOS)Â
Various ways to type IPA on a computer
Morphology & Syntax
Morphological typology cartoons
So you asked the internet how to draw syntax trees. Hereâs why youâre confused.
Types of trees: a sentence is an S, a sentence is an IP, a sentence is a TP
A step-by-step guide to drawing a syntax tree, with gifs
Distributed Morphology
Garden path sentences: how they work, some examples
Structural ambiguity and understanding people in Ipswich
How to draw trees on a computer (TreeForm and phpSyntaxTree)Â
Pronoun typology and âthe gay fanfiction problemâ
The solution to violent example sentences: Pokemon
Semantics & Pragmatics
The difference between epistemic and deontic, necessity and possibility (with bonus modals as Hogwarts houses)
Why learn semantics? Comebacks to annoying people.
Presuppositions, implicature and entailment, and more presuppositions in Lizzie Bennet Diaries
Gricean maxims in Welcome to Night Vale
Scalar implicature and a duck gif
Giving a shit about Negative Polarity Items, NPIs explained using Mean Girls references, and a follow-up on Free Choice Items
The lambda calculus for absolute dummies
The Lambda Calculator (software for practising in Heim & Kratzer style)
Teaching & Academic/career advice
Linguistics resources for high school teachers
Teaching linguistics to 9-14 year olds
On writing an IB extended essay in linguistics (& follow-up)
IPA Bingo
IPA Jeopardy and IPA Hangman
Practising syntax trees using cards and string/straws
Find a linguistics olympiad near you!
Editing linguistics Wikipedia articles instead of writing a final paper that no one but the prof will read (see also wikiedu.org)
Should you go to grad school in linguistics? Maybe
Figuring out if you actually want to go to linguistics grad school
How to decide which linguistics grad school to go to
How to look for linguistics undergrad programs
How to interact with someone whoâs just given a talk
An extensive list of undergrad and/or student-friendly conferences - apply to one near you!
Advice for linguistics profs on increasing enrollment and supporting non-academic careers
Linguistics jobs - a series about careers outside academia
Languages
Linguistic approaches to language learning resource roundup
Will linguistics help with language learning? / Will learning a second language help with linguistics?
The problem with âeconomically usefulâ as a reason for language learning
Further link roundups
This list not enough? Try these further masterposts:Â
A very long list of linguistics movies, documentaries, and TV show episodes
A list of books (fiction and nonfiction) about linguistics
A comprehensive list of language and linguistics podcasts, from SuperlinguoÂ
A very long list of linguistics YouTube channels and other free online videos about linguisticsÂ
20 linguistics blogs I recommend following
How to explain linguistics to your friends and family this holiday season
âFor millions of years, mankind lived just like the animals. Then something happened which unleashed the power of our imagination. We learned to talk and we learned to listen. Speech has allowed the communication of ideas, enabling human beings to work together to build the impossible. Mankind's greatest achievements have come about by talking, and its greatest failures by not talking. It doesn't have to be like this. Our greatest hopes could become reality in the future. With the technology at our disposal, the possibilities are unbounded. All we need to do is make sure we keep talking.â
~Stephen Hawking
Comic Artist Maps the History of Languages with an Illustrated Linguistic Tree
Iâve only just noticed this, but the first diagram seems to have a weird classification system for both Indo-European and Uralic. In the IE side we can note that Indo-Iranian somehow gets its own branch to itself separate from the rest of core IE, which gets the title âEuropeanâ. This implies that we can somehow reconstruct a âProto-Europeanâ using all of the living IE languages bar Indo-Iranian, which strikes me as unlikely to be distinct from PIE itself (heck this thing counts bleeding Armenian as part of âEuropeanâ, which seems rather strange to me, maybe because historically itâs been thought of as Indo-Iranian for much of the history of IE studies).
There are also minor details which are just wrong; Corsican is known to be a variant of Tuscan, not Sardinian, despite appearances; itâs more closely related to Standard Italian than Sicilian for heavenâs sake! And of course itâs terrible at reflecting dialect continua, that much is inherent in the tree diagram, but at least they could have been sensible and put the Dutch-Flemish branch next to the Low German branch like it should be and not somehow separated from it by Anglo-Frisian. Similarly why is French and its close relatives spearated from Ibero-Romance by Italo-Romance, thatâs not how this works. Iâm also not entirely well-versed in my Indo-Iranian classification, but why is Sanskrit the only extinct language that gets a branch?
On the flipside you have the Uralic tree, which is equally weird. It appears to follow some variation of Finno-Permic, with all the non-Ugric, non-Samoyedic languages being part of the branch that ends in Finnic, or rather Finno-Samic, since this picture seems to follow that as a subgroup of Finno-Premic. this needless to say is a controversial grouping, and is difficult to find evidence for. The ordering of the branches too also seems to imply that Mordvinic would be closer to Finnic in such a grouping than Permic to which Iâm just like ? Also Iâm pretty sure Khanty and Mansi are not that closely related even if Ugric is a thing.
sp*niards: âvosotrosâ
the rest of the hispanohablantes:
german emotions
i literally just reopen this website every once in a while to see if this post hit 100k notes yet

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é〿
æçœ
ćșćææć çæŻć°äžé äžŸć€Žæææ äœć€Žææ äčĄ
//
Quiet Night Thoughts by Li Bai
Bright moonlight before my bed; I suppose it is frost on the ground. I raise my head to view the bright moon, then lower it, thinking of my home village.
//
translation by eastasiastudent
Sexy Linguistics
Pragmaticist: âItâs hot in hereâ entails that Iâm sexy.
Okay, but how the hell do Americans say "about"? Every time this comes up I can sorta hear what I'm doing as a Canadian, but then I'm like, "How ELSE would you even say it??" Also, is the rider/writer (in fast speech I pronounce them the same) thing part of Canadian Raising too?
IDEK how to explain American âaboutâs. Abaht? Abowed?Â
This is definitely getting out of my depth and into the realm of âquestions weâd need an actual linguist to answerâ.
uh-BOW-t
(bow as in what you do when you meet the queen)
The problem is (and damn I wish I knew IPA), thatâs how *I* think I say it too!
Weâre literally pronouncing the vowel in âbowâ differently and any attempt to transliterate it using Latin characters is going to result in both sides saying, âI just pronounce it the normal way!â
I know you, and I know that when we both say âbowâ we do it differentlyâyour vowel is closer to âowâ or even âahâ and mine is closer to âohâ or even âooââbut DAMN if I can explain it in the alphabet available to me.
I have found a video by a linguist so you can both see the IPA written out and *hear* someone demonstrate the difference!
Canadian vs. American Accent (Canadian Raising?) (skip to 1:25 for the relevant part to begin)
Short version: Canadians raise the âowâ diphthong being referred to above when it happens before an unvoiced consonant. The example the lecturer uses is the different in how it sounds in âaroundâ vs. âabout,â because n is voiced but t isnât. Americans pronounce it the same in both words.
Thanks so much! Thatâs a great example.
A Brief Evolution Of The Letter A
Over time, what may have originally meant âOxâ evolved into the first letter of various different alphabets and abjads. Potentially one of the most recognizable and popular graphemes in the world, this little dude is so significant that the word âAlphabetâ itself is partly named after its name in Greek. If letters could have egos, Aâs would be massive.

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Slovene Linguistics Vocab
Slovene linguists have been busy describing their own language (and others too!), so they had to come up with a bunch of terms. Below is a list of some of these terms, ordered alphabetically. Please note that the words are marked for stress (those graves, acutes and circumflexes above vowels and r), which is normally not written.Â
abecĂ©da (m) â alphabet
besĂ©da (f) â word
besĂ©dna vĆsta (f) â part of speech
ÄlĂ©n* / (spĂŽlnik*) (m) â article
(nĂš)dolĂłÄni ÄlĂ©n (m) â (in)definite article
ÄlĂ©nek (m) â particle
glĂĄgol (m) â verb
fĂĄzni glĂĄgol (m) â phaseal verbÂ
modĂĄlni glĂĄgol (m) â modal verb
polnopomĂ©nski glĂĄgol (m) â lexical verb
pomĂłĆŸni glĂĄgol (m) â auxiliary verb
(nĂš)prehĂłdni glĂĄgol (m) â (in)transitive verb
mĂȘdmet (m) â interjection
prĂȘdlog (m) â preposition
pridĂ©vnik (m) â adjective
kakĂŽvostni pridĂ©vnik (m) â qualitative adjective
vĆstni pridĂ©vnik (m) â relational adjective
svojĂlni pridĂ©vnik (m) â possessive adjective
prislĂČv (m) â adverb
samostĂĄlnik (m) â noun
ĆĄtĂ©vnik (m) â numeral
glĂĄvni ĆĄtĂ©vnik (m) â cardinal numeral
loÄĂlni ĆĄtĂ©vnik (m) â collective numeral
mnoĆŸĂlni ĆĄtĂ©vnik (m) â multiplicative numeral
vrstĂlni ĆĄtĂ©vnik (m) â ordinal numeral
vĂ©znik (m) â conjunction
zaĂmek (m) â pronoun
osĂ©bni zaĂmek (m) â personal pronoun
povrĂĄtni osĂ©bni zaĂmek (m) â reflexive pronoun
vpraĆĄĂĄlni zaĂmek (m) â interrogative pronoun
ozirĂĄlni zaĂmek (m) â relative pronoun
nĂšdolĂłÄni zaĂmek (m) â indefinite pronoun
nikĂĄlni zaĂmek (m) â negative pronoun
kazĂĄlni zaĂmek (m) â demonstrative pronoun
besedotvĂłrje (n) â word formation
ÄĂ s (m) â tense
prĂšdpretĂȘklik (m) â pluperfect tense, past perfect tense
pretĂȘklik (m) â past tense
prihĂłdnjik (m) â future tense
sedĂĄnjik (m) â present tense
ÄĆka (f) â letter
dvĂłÄĆkje* (n) â digraph
ĂȘnoÄĆkje* (n) â monograph
trĂłÄĆkje* (n) â trigraph
dĂȘblo (n) â stem
delĂ©ĆŸje (n) â gerund / verbal adverb / adverbial participle
delĂ©ĆŸnik (m) â participle
fonĂ©m (m) â phoneme
fonĂ©tika (f) â phonetics
glĂĄgolnik (m) â gerund / verbal noun
glĂĄs (m) â phone, phoneme, sound
dvĂłglĂĄsnik (m) â diphthong
ĂȘnoglĂĄsnik (m) â monophthong
izglĂĄsje (n) â coda
polglĂĄsnik (m) â schwa (semivowel?)
samoglĂĄsnik (m) â vowel
soglĂĄsnik (m) â consonant
trĂłglĂĄsnik*Â (m) â triphtong
vzglĂĄsje (n) â onset
glasoslĂŽvje (n) â phonology, phonetics
gĂŽvor (m) â local speech or local dialect, subdialect
izgovorĂti â to pronounce
izgĂŽvor (m), izgovorjĂĄva (f) â pronunciation
jĂȘzik (m) â language
jezikoslĂŽvje (n) â linguistics
jezikoslĂŽvec (m) â linguist (male)
jezikoslĂŽvka (f) â linguist (female)
konÄnĂca (f) â ending
korĂ©n (m) â root
loÄĂlo (n) â punctuation
Iâll make a separate post for these.
morfĂ©m (m) â morpheme
naÄĂn (m) â voice
tvĂłrni naÄin / tvĂłrnik (m) â active voice
tĆpni naÄĂn / tĆpnik (m) â passive voice
naglĂĄs (m) â accent, stress
jĂĄkostni naglĂĄs (m)Â â stress accent (non-pitch)
tonĂ©mski naglĂĄs (m) â pitch accent
naklĂČn (m) â mood
pogĂłjni naklĂČn / pogĂłjnik (m) â conditional
povĂ©dni naklĂČn / povĂ©dnik (m) â indicative
velĂ©lni naklĂČn / velĂ©lnik (m) â imperative
vĂ©zni naklĂČn* (m) â subjunctive
ĆŸelĂ©lni naklĂČn / ĆŸelĂ©lnik (m) â optative
namenĂlnik (m) â supine
narĂ©Äje (n) / dialĂ©kt (m) â dialect
naslĂłnka (f) â clitic
nĂšdolĂłÄnik (m) â infinitive
oblikoslĂŽvje (n) â morphology
obrazĂlo (n) â affix
okrajĆĄĂĄva (f) â abbreviation
osĂ©ba (f) â person
osnĂŽva (f) â base
podstĂĄva (f) â stem
pĂłna (f) â affix
medpĂłna (f) â infixÂ
predpĂłna (f) â prefix
pripĂłna (f) â suffix
povĂ©d (m) â sentence
pregĂbati â to inflect
sklĂĄdnja (f) â syntax
sklĂĄnjati â to decline
sklanjĂĄtev (f) â declension
sklĂČnÂč (m) â case
imenovĂĄlnik (m) â nominative
rodĂlnik (m) â genitive
dajĂĄlnik (m) â dative
toĆŸĂlnik (m) â accusative
mĂ©stnik (m) â locative
orĂłdnik (m) â instrumental
zvĂĄlnik* / vĂłkativ*Â (m) â vocative
loÄĂlnik*/ ĂĄblativ* (m) â ablative
spĂČl (m) â gender
mĂŽĆĄki spĂČl (m) â masculine gender
srĂ©dnji spĂČl (m) â neuter gender
ĆŸĂ©nski spĂČl (m) â feminine gender
sprĂ©gati â to conjugate
spregĂĄtev (f) â conjugation
stĂĄvÄni ÄlĂ©n (m) â sentence element
osĂ©bek (m) â subject
povĂ©dek (m) â predicate
povĂ©dkovo doloÄĂlo (n) â complement
prĂȘdmet (m) â object
prilĂĄstek (m) â attribute (modifier)
prislĂŽvno doloÄĂlo (n) â adverbial
stĂĄvek (m) â clause
podrĂ©dni stĂĄvek (m) / podrĂ©dje (n) â subordinate clause
prirĂ©dni stĂĄvek (m) / prirĂ©dje (n) â coordinate clause
ĆĄtevĂlo (n) â number
dvojĂna (f) â dual
ednĂna (f) â singular
mnoĆŸĂna (f) â plural
vĂd (m) â aspect
(nĂš)dovĆĆĄni vĂd (m) â (im)perfective aspect
zlĂČg (m) â syllable
dvĂłzlĂłĆŸna besĂ©da / dvĂłzlĂłĆŸnica (f) â disyllabic word / disyllable
ĂȘnozlĂłĆŸna besĂ©da / ĂȘnozlĂłĆŸnica â monosyllabic word / monosyllable
* These terms arenât really applicable to Slovene (ie. Slovene lacks these features) but I included them nonetheless because they commonly appear in neighbouring languages.
Âč Unlike other terms, the cases are listed in the order they appear in Slovene grammar (NGDALI). Vocative and ablative do not exist in Slovene, of course.
Guess the linguistics vocabulary, from Dr. Bethan SiĂąn Tovey on twitterÂ
semđics âïžtics synđž tyđgy đżourse gđmar lexiâïžraphy âČectology pedđČy đ„eracy ortđraphy rheâ°ic đemics docuđŹtation đotics styđ§Ÿics vođulary đ§ââïžlicature phonotđics iconiđ đšiculation phiđogy