Nootropix.com

New Post has been published at Nootropix.com

Fasoracetam: A Non-Stimulant Nootropic Alternative For ADHD

Fasoracetam is the newest racetam and one of the most potent nootropics yet discovered. It is currently being studied as a non-stimulant ADHD treatment, but it may also work as an antidepressant nootropic. Subscribe To Our Brain's Health Newsletter

New Post has been published at Nootropix.com

Bacopa Monnieri: The Most Impressive Natural Nootropic

Bacopa monnieri, commonly referred to as Bacopa, it’s a plant that has been used for thousands of years in Ayurvedic medicine. In India, it is also referred to as Brahmi. In the last two decades, many Ayurvedic plants, like Ashwagandha, Brahmi, and Gotu Kola, have been shown to be ...

New Post has been published on https://nootropix.com/how-to-parachute-a-nootropic/

Parachuting: How To Avoid The Bad Taste of Bulk Nootropics (Tutorial)

Buying powdered Nootropics in bulk is the most economical option for many users. While it’s easy to toss and wash many, you may run across some that taste pretty awful. If you don’t have a capsule machine or are looking for a quick alternative, you may want to make small parachutes.

Supplies

Rolling papers (possibly “king size”) or Toilet paper

Scissors

Scale

Scoop

How to Make a Basic Parachute

Here’s how to avoid the bad taste of nootropics by making a parachute:

Measure the dose for your Nootropic according to manufacturer recommendations. (pic 2)

Place the desired amount onto your rolling paper and fold the paper around the bulk of your supplement. (pic 3)

Twist the ends together then snip off the excess paper. (pic 4)

Place the supplement in your mouth and wash down with water.

Done!

New Post has been published at Nootropix.com

Contraceptives: a Nootropic for Women?

As you might already know, the nervous system uses neurotransmitters as its chemical signals; the endocrine system, hormones. In this way, the pituitary gland secretes factors into the blood that operate on the endocrine glands to either raise or drop hormone production, establishing a major...

New Post has been published at Nootropix.com

The Shocking Truth about tDCS and its Effects

Developed as an answer to the problem of brain injuries and certain mental illnesses, tDCS has truly made an 180° turn, heading towards a place no one could have ever predicted.

New Post has been published on https://nootropix.com/intranasal-noopept/

Nasal Administration of Noopept: Safety and Efficacy

For some, engulfing various powders every morning is a tedious task but others may embrace it as part of their daily ritual. However, you may not be getting the most out of what you’re consuming due to the metabolic breakdown in the liver and the contents lost to the digestive system. Often in the nootropics community we forget about other, more efficient methods of administration in lieu of the easiest route. They all come with their own benefits and downfalls, and certain methods are optimal for certain drugs.

Intranasal delivery has proven to be an effective method of administration throughout the medical field.

Like many of us, for a long time I was content to place powder in my mouth and swallow. I was unaware that there were far more productive ways to achieve the cognitive enhancement I desired. Prolonged periods of research lead me to uncover the benefits of sublingual administration. [1][2] Whilst the effects of Noopept became more potent, a misplaced particle was enough to send me gagging.

Many nootropic substances have a low bioavailability, which leads to oral administration being less effective. Eventually I stumbled upon intranasal administration, a technique that yielded superior results to those I had previously encountered.

A pivotal concept in the usage of nootropics is to pass the brain barrier. Nasal administration allowed me to perfect opportunity to do so. The cavity of the nose is covered in thin mucosa which are well vascularised making it an ideal entry point for nootropics. [3] The nose enables certain drugs and other molecules to bypass the blood brain barrier via diffusion through the olfactory epithelium and the perineural sheath or via retrograde axonal transport along olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Certain nootropic agents like Adrafinil shouldn’t be absorbed via the nose due to the active ingredients that need to be processed by the liver. [4] After browsing many web pages, online forums and blogs, I found it was easy to procure pre-made nasal sprays capable of dispensing nootropics. However, I’d decided to create my own mixture purely out of curiosity more so than economic benefit. I purchased a 10 ml nasal spray bottle that would be capable of delivering a 4 mg spray of Noopept.

I measured out 400 mg of Noopept then added 10ml of Bacteriostatic water and begun to dissolve the particles by syphoning in and out of a blunt syringe. Noopept was particularly stubborn in breaking down its particles, but after 10 minutes the solution was dissolved to my satisfaction. Soon after mixing, it didn’t take long for me to administer my first dosage. Placing the end of the bottle at my nostril, I pressed the trigger twice for a total dose of 8 mg.

Can you feel the power of your Noopept?

I felt the effects within 15 minutes of application. It was at this point I realised that nasal administration increased the onset of Noopept. This is due to some smaller molecules being absorbed in as little as 5 minutes through the nose. [5]

The effects were not subtle like my earlier experiences with oral Noopept. An immediate clarity settled over my head. Music seemed more vivid with a sudden depth to every beat. I was now in control of my every thought and emotion. The muddled parts of my brain were able to be organised into coherent thinking, which was easily verbalised without haste in my expression.

My social anxiety was subdued, which lead to my concentration to become far more precise and calculated. The influence of Noopept lasted significantly longer than ever before. An 8 am dosage remained noticeable until 4 pm. A miraculous increase in the observable effects compared to my previous trials with oral Noopept.

The positive outcome of this experiment encouraged me to continue dosing for another 4 weeks where the results remained consistently pleasing. My daily motivation for activity was greater than ever before and I was invigorated in the completion of even menial tasks.

Overall, there was a noticeable increase in my brain function. I could never claim it increased my IQ. But it certainly unlocked my ability to use my intellect far more effectively. At the end of each month, I initiated a short break to refresh my brain chemistry and reduce any tolerance that had grown, and then resumed my supplementation a few weeks later.

For those of you not achieving satisfactory results by oral ingestion of your powders, why not try another method of delivery? You will gain many benefits from doing so. Ensure that you research and find products that will work for you. Personally, I’d recommend trying intranasal administration of Noopept. It’s certainly a terrific starting point on your journey to ‘limitless’ cognition.

References   [ + ]

1. ↑ N.Fossard “Intranasal drug delivery: An efficient and non-invasive route for systemic administration: Focus on opioids, June 2012, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol 134 2. ↑ Priyank Patel, Sandip Makwana, Urvish Jobanputra, Mihir Ravat, Ankit Ajmera, Mandev Patel. “Sublingual route for the systemic delivery of Ondansetron”, Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., Oct-Dec 2011 3. ↑ D.F. Proctor and I. Andersen. The nose. Upper airway physiology and the atmospheric environment, Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1982 4. ↑ William H. Frey. “Bypassing the Blood-Brain Barrier to Deliver Therapeutic Agents to the Brain and Spinal Cord.” Drug Delivery Technology. 5. ↑ Y.W. Chien, K.S.E. Su, and S.-F. Chang. Nasal systemic drug delivery, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1989

function footnote_expand_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").show(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("-"); function footnote_collapse_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").hide(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("+"); function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container() if (jQuery("#footnote_references_container").is(":hidden")) footnote_expand_reference_container(); else footnote_collapse_reference_container(); function footnote_moveToAnchor(p_str_TargetID) footnote_expand_reference_container(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery("#" + p_str_TargetID); if(l_obj_Target.length) jQuery('html, body').animate( scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight/2 , 1000);

New Post has been published on https://nootropix.com/intranasal-noopept/

Nasal Administration of Noopept: Safety and Efficacy

For some, engulfing various powders every morning is a tedious task but others may embrace it as part of their daily ritual. However, you may not be getting the most out of what you’re consuming due to the metabolic breakdown in the liver and the contents lost to the digestive system. Often in the nootropics community we forget about other, more efficient methods of administration in lieu of the easiest route. They all come with their own benefits and downfalls, and certain methods are optimal for certain drugs.

Intranasal delivery has proven to be an effective method of administration throughout the medical field.

Like many of us, for a long time I was content to place powder in my mouth and swallow. I was unaware that there were far more productive ways to achieve the cognitive enhancement I desired. Prolonged periods of research lead me to uncover the benefits of sublingual administration. [1][2] Whilst the effects of Noopept became more potent, a misplaced particle was enough to send me gagging.

Many nootropic substances have a low bioavailability, which leads to oral administration being less effective. Eventually I stumbled upon intranasal administration, a technique that yielded superior results to those I had previously encountered.

A pivotal concept in the usage of nootropics is to pass the brain barrier. Nasal administration allowed me to perfect opportunity to do so. The cavity of the nose is covered in thin mucosa which are well vascularised making it an ideal entry point for nootropics. [3] The nose enables certain drugs and other molecules to bypass the blood brain barrier via diffusion through the olfactory epithelium and the perineural sheath or via retrograde axonal transport along olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Certain nootropic agents like Adrafinil shouldn’t be absorbed via the nose due to the active ingredients that need to be processed by the liver. [4] After browsing many web pages, online forums and blogs, I found it was easy to procure pre-made nasal sprays capable of dispensing nootropics. However, I’d decided to create my own mixture purely out of curiosity more so than economic benefit. I purchased a 10 ml nasal spray bottle that would be capable of delivering a 4 mg spray of Noopept.

I measured out 400 mg of Noopept then added 10ml of Bacteriostatic water and begun to dissolve the particles by syphoning in and out of a blunt syringe. Noopept was particularly stubborn in breaking down its particles, but after 10 minutes the solution was dissolved to my satisfaction. Soon after mixing, it didn’t take long for me to administer my first dosage. Placing the end of the bottle at my nostril, I pressed the trigger twice for a total dose of 8 mg.

Can you feel the power of your Noopept?

I felt the effects within 15 minutes of application. It was at this point I realised that nasal administration increased the onset of Noopept. This is due to some smaller molecules being absorbed in as little as 5 minutes through the nose. [5]

The effects were not subtle like my earlier experiences with oral Noopept. An immediate clarity settled over my head. Music seemed more vivid with a sudden depth to every beat. I was now in control of my every thought and emotion. The muddled parts of my brain were able to be organised into coherent thinking, which was easily verbalised without haste in my expression.

My social anxiety was subdued, which lead to my concentration to become far more precise and calculated. The influence of Noopept lasted significantly longer than ever before. An 8 am dosage remained noticeable until 4 pm. A miraculous increase in the observable effects compared to my previous trials with oral Noopept.

The positive outcome of this experiment encouraged me to continue dosing for another 4 weeks where the results remained consistently pleasing. My daily motivation for activity was greater than ever before and I was invigorated in the completion of even menial tasks.

Overall, there was a noticeable increase in my brain function. I could never claim it increased my IQ. But it certainly unlocked my ability to use my intellect far more effectively. At the end of each month, I initiated a short break to refresh my brain chemistry and reduce any tolerance that had grown, and then resumed my supplementation a few weeks later.

For those of you not achieving satisfactory results by oral ingestion of your powders, why not try another method of delivery? You will gain many benefits from doing so. Ensure that you research and find products that will work for you. Personally, I’d recommend trying intranasal administration of Noopept. It’s certainly a terrific starting point on your journey to ‘limitless’ cognition.

References   [ + ]

1. ↑ N.Fossard “Intranasal drug delivery: An efficient and non-invasive route for systemic administration: Focus on opioids, June 2012, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol 134 2. ↑ Priyank Patel, Sandip Makwana, Urvish Jobanputra, Mihir Ravat, Ankit Ajmera, Mandev Patel. “Sublingual route for the systemic delivery of Ondansetron”, Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., Oct-Dec 2011 3. ↑ D.F. Proctor and I. Andersen. The nose. Upper airway physiology and the atmospheric environment, Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1982 4. ↑ William H. Frey. “Bypassing the Blood-Brain Barrier to Deliver Therapeutic Agents to the Brain and Spinal Cord.” Drug Delivery Technology. 5. ↑ Y.W. Chien, K.S.E. Su, and S.-F. Chang. Nasal systemic drug delivery, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1989

function footnote_expand_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").show(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("-"); function footnote_collapse_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").hide(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("+"); function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container() if (jQuery("#footnote_references_container").is(":hidden")) footnote_expand_reference_container(); else footnote_collapse_reference_container(); function footnote_moveToAnchor(p_str_TargetID) footnote_expand_reference_container(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery("#" + p_str_TargetID); if(l_obj_Target.length) jQuery('html, body').animate( scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight/2 , 1000);

New Post has been published on https://nootropix.com/intranasal-noopept/

Nasal Administration of Noopept: Safety and Efficacy

For some, engulfing various powders every morning is a tedious task but others may embrace it as part of their daily ritual. However, you may not be getting the most out of what you’re consuming due to the metabolic breakdown in the liver and the contents lost to the digestive system. Often in the nootropics community we forget about other, more efficient methods of administration in lieu of the easiest route. They all come with their own benefits and downfalls, and certain methods are optimal for certain drugs.

Intranasal delivery has proven to be an effective method of administration throughout the medical field.

Like many of us, for a long time I was content to place powder in my mouth and swallow. I was unaware that there were far more productive ways to achieve the cognitive enhancement I desired. Prolonged periods of research lead me to uncover the benefits of sublingual administration. [1][2] Whilst the effects of Noopept became more potent, a misplaced particle was enough to send me gagging.

Many nootropic substances have a low bioavailability, which leads to oral administration being less effective. Eventually I stumbled upon intranasal administration, a technique that yielded superior results to those I had previously encountered.

A pivotal concept in the usage of nootropics is to pass the brain barrier. Nasal administration allowed me to perfect opportunity to do so. The cavity of the nose is covered in thin mucosa which are well vascularised making it an ideal entry point for nootropics. [3] The nose enables certain drugs and other molecules to bypass the blood brain barrier via diffusion through the olfactory epithelium and the perineural sheath or via retrograde axonal transport along olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Certain nootropic agents like Adrafinil shouldn’t be absorbed via the nose due to the active ingredients that need to be processed by the liver. [4] After browsing many web pages, online forums and blogs, I found it was easy to procure pre-made nasal sprays capable of dispensing nootropics. However, I’d decided to create my own mixture purely out of curiosity more so than economic benefit. I purchased a 10 ml nasal spray bottle that would be capable of delivering a 4 mg spray of Noopept.

I measured out 400 mg of Noopept then added 10ml of Bacteriostatic water and begun to dissolve the particles by syphoning in and out of a blunt syringe. Noopept was particularly stubborn in breaking down its particles, but after 10 minutes the solution was dissolved to my satisfaction. Soon after mixing, it didn’t take long for me to administer my first dosage. Placing the end of the bottle at my nostril, I pressed the trigger twice for a total dose of 8 mg.

Can you feel the power of your Noopept?

I felt the effects within 15 minutes of application. It was at this point I realised that nasal administration increased the onset of Noopept. This is due to some smaller molecules being absorbed in as little as 5 minutes through the nose. [5]

The effects were not subtle like my earlier experiences with oral Noopept. An immediate clarity settled over my head. Music seemed more vivid with a sudden depth to every beat. I was now in control of my every thought and emotion. The muddled parts of my brain were able to be organised into coherent thinking, which was easily verbalised without haste in my expression.

My social anxiety was subdued, which lead to my concentration to become far more precise and calculated. The influence of Noopept lasted significantly longer than ever before. An 8 am dosage remained noticeable until 4 pm. A miraculous increase in the observable effects compared to my previous trials with oral Noopept.

The positive outcome of this experiment encouraged me to continue dosing for another 4 weeks where the results remained consistently pleasing. My daily motivation for activity was greater than ever before and I was invigorated in the completion of even menial tasks.

Overall, there was a noticeable increase in my brain function. I could never claim it increased my IQ. But it certainly unlocked my ability to use my intellect far more effectively. At the end of each month, I initiated a short break to refresh my brain chemistry and reduce any tolerance that had grown, and then resumed my supplementation a few weeks later.

For those of you not achieving satisfactory results by oral ingestion of your powders, why not try another method of delivery? You will gain many benefits from doing so. Ensure that you research and find products that will work for you. Personally, I’d recommend trying intranasal administration of Noopept. It’s certainly a terrific starting point on your journey to ‘limitless’ cognition.

References   [ + ]

1. ↑ N.Fossard “Intranasal drug delivery: An efficient and non-invasive route for systemic administration: Focus on opioids, June 2012, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol 134 2. ↑ Priyank Patel, Sandip Makwana, Urvish Jobanputra, Mihir Ravat, Ankit Ajmera, Mandev Patel. “Sublingual route for the systemic delivery of Ondansetron”, Int. J. Drug Dev. & Res., Oct-Dec 2011 3. ↑ D.F. Proctor and I. Andersen. The nose. Upper airway physiology and the atmospheric environment, Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1982 4. ↑ William H. Frey. “Bypassing the Blood-Brain Barrier to Deliver Therapeutic Agents to the Brain and Spinal Cord.” Drug Delivery Technology. 5. ↑ Y.W. Chien, K.S.E. Su, and S.-F. Chang. Nasal systemic drug delivery, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1989

function footnote_expand_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").show(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("-"); function footnote_collapse_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").hide(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("+"); function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container() if (jQuery("#footnote_references_container").is(":hidden")) footnote_expand_reference_container(); else footnote_collapse_reference_container(); function footnote_moveToAnchor(p_str_TargetID) footnote_expand_reference_container(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery("#" + p_str_TargetID); if(l_obj_Target.length) jQuery('html, body').animate( scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight/2 , 1000);

New Post has been published on https://nootropix.com/aniracetam-scientific-evidence/

A Scientific Overview of Aniracetam

Aniracetam is a fat-soluble and supposedly more potent analog of piracetam. Anecdotally, it is claimed to facilitate associative thinking and creativity, as well as to reduce anxiety and depression. Although there are few human studies, it is currently used as a treatment for dementia and it’s being researched as a possible treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease, anxiety and depression.[1]

Mechanism of Action

AMPA receptors

Neurotransmitters carry information between neurons. The part of the neuron that receives neurotransmitters is called a “receptor”. The glutamate receptor, as the name implies, is the receptor for the neurotransmitter glutamate. Glutamate is not only our main excitatory neurotransmitter, it is also the precursor of GABA, our main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamate receptors are important for forming memories and learning. AMPA receptors are a type of glutamate receptors that are involved in memory storage.[2] AMPA receptors are the targets of therapeutic drugs given that glutamate is believed to be involved in psychiatric and neurological disease.[3] Aniracetam seems to reduce the rate that AMPA receptor become desensitized [4] to positive stimuli like glutamate. Thus, Aniracetam and other AMPA modulators are being investigated for schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. [5] It appears that aniracetam stimulates the AMPA receptor more than other racetams.

GABA receptors

Aniracetam seems to increase the effects of GABAergic inhibition. GABA is important for emotional wellbeing cognition, and improving GABA function could be potentially therapeutic for anxiety and cognitive disease. [6]

Cholinergic receptors

Aniracetam appears to enhance acetylcholine transmission, which plays an important role in cognitive function and the Alzheimer’s Disease. [7] It is theorized that the reduction of depression seen in animal studies may also be a result of Aniracetam interacting with these receptors. [8]

Serotonin and dopamine receptors

Animal studies indicate that Aniracetam may reduce anxiety and increase socialization by interacting with serotonin, dopamine, and acetylcholine receptors [9][10]. It also seems to increase the release of serotonin and dopamine, which may work together to improve mood and judgment. [11] This is an interesting aspect of aniracetam; it is the only racetam that seems to be able to reduce anxiety.

Neuroprotection

In animal studies, aniracetam seems to alleviate impairment to memory and learning caused by various means, including cerebral ischemia, cholinergic antagonists, and electroconvulsive shock.[12] Aniracetam can also protect against scopolamine-induced damage and seems more powerful than piracetam at doing so on a milligram by milligram basis. [13]

Conditions for which it has been used

There is some evidence that Aniracetam may improve memory and cognition in those who are cognitively impaired. Trial results involving elderly people who were cognitively impaired from either Alzheimer’s or other forms of dementia suggested that aniracetam may benefit theses conditions. Further trials are needed for confirmation of its safety and efficacy. Aniracetam was significantly more effective than placebo in tests at 4 and 6 months, and in a further 6-month trial was more effective than piracetam on certain testing parameters.[14]

Safety Data

Available information from trials seems to indicate that aniracetam is well tolerated. In particular, one published overview noted that aniracetam does not appear to raise in liver enzyme levels. Preliminary evidence points towards a good tolerability profile.[15] [cm_product_recommend]

Summary

Aniracetam is a fat-soluble racetam nootropic. Human studies are lacking, but it may prove to be a viable treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease or depression. Anecdotally, it is claimed to facilitate associative thinking and creativity, and animal studies have shown an anti-anxiety effect. In addition, as far as we can tell, there it does not seem to be associated with significant side effects and appears to be well tolerated.

No review found! Insert a valid review ID.

References   [ + ]

1. ↑ An Overview of its Pharmacodynamic and Pharmacokinetic Properties, and a Review of its Therapeutic Potential in Senile Cognitive Disorders (1994) 2. ↑ AMPA receptor potentiators as cognitive enhancers. (2007) 3, 5. ↑ In search of novel AMPA potentiators. (2006) 4. ↑ Aniracetam reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows the decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus. (1991) 6. ↑ Nootropic Agents Enhance the Recruitment of Fast GABAA Inhibition in Rat Neocortex (2004) 7. ↑ Nootropic drug modulation of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat cortical neurons. (2001) 8. ↑ Antidepressant-like effects of aniracetam in aged rats and its mode of action 9. ↑ Anxiolytic effects of aniracetam in three different mouse models of anxiety and the underlying mechanism 10. ↑ Antidepressant activity of memory-enhancing drugs in the reduction of submissive behavior model. 11. ↑ Aniracetam enhances cortical dopamine and serotonin release via cholinergic and glutamatergic mechanisms in SHRSP (2001) 12, 13. ↑ Effects of the novel compound aniracetam (Ro 13-5057) upon impaired learning and memory in rodents (1982) 14, 15. ↑ Aniracetam. An overview of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and a review of its therapeutic potential in senile cognitive disorders.

function footnote_expand_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").show(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("-"); function footnote_collapse_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").hide(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("+"); function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container() if (jQuery("#footnote_references_container").is(":hidden")) footnote_expand_reference_container(); else footnote_collapse_reference_container(); function footnote_moveToAnchor(p_str_TargetID) footnote_expand_reference_container(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery("#" + p_str_TargetID); if(l_obj_Target.length) jQuery('html, body').animate( scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight/2 , 1000);

New Post has been published at https://nootropix.com/methylene-blue-nootropic-review/

Methylene Blue as a Nootropic? (Review)

Since its initial synthesis in 1886, the phenothiazine derivative methylene blue (MB) has been established as a highly versatile chemical agent with a diverse span of uses, ranging from treating malaria to dying textiles[1]. Within the past few years, preclinical research has suggested a possible neuroprotective benefit from MB administration. MB is believed to promote neuronal cell health by supporting mitochondrial function. Animal studies have yielded promising results in neurocognitive tests[2][3]. Here is what you need to know if you’re interested in using methylene blue.

How does Methylene Blue work?

Mitochondria are organelles within cells that play the key role of energy production. Cellular energy is stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), one of the most important molecules in the cell. As the name suggests, ATP contains three linked phosphate groups. Removal of each group releases a large amount of energy, which is expended in supporting cellular function. Subsequent removal of ATP produces ADP (adenosine diphosphate) & AMP (adenosine monophosphate). ATP is produced within mitochondria as a final product of respiration, a series of biochemical reactions that extract energy from glucose. These biochemical reactions require oxygen & electron carriers (e.g. NADH).

Methylene blue acts as an artificial electron carrier, promoting mitochondrial respiration. The net outcome is more energy available as ATP for cellular processes.[4]

Methylene blue supports mitochondrial respiration by functioning as an additional electron carrier[5]. MB receives electrons from NADH through mitochondrial complex I, itself being reduced to leuco-MB (MBH2). Leuco-MB then donates the electrons to cytochrome C, upon which it is recycled back to MB. These reactions serve to create a high proton (H+) concentration in the space between the inner & outer mitochondrial membranes. This leads to the passage of H+ down the concentration gradient, through mitochondrial complex V. In doing so, ADP & a phosphate (Pi) are joined to form ATP. Leuco-MB can also act as a free radical scavenger, neutralising superoxides by accepting electrons & itself becoming oxidized back to MB[6]. In this way, leuco-MB acts to prevent direct oxidative damage caused by free radicals.

Methylene blue preferentially accumulates in more active neurones (A), & potentiates mitochondrial & synaptic activity (B). These processes result in increased & improved neurotransmission (C), which is thought to be the mechanism behind the neurocognitive benefits associated with MB.[7]

MB has been observed to preferentially localise in neurones that are more active[3]. Stimulated mitochondria in these neurones modulate genomic expression of proteins that further potentiate mitochondrial respiration via nuclear respiratory transcription factor (NRF-1), resulting in increased expression of cytochrome oxidase (COX), nitric oxide synthase (NOS-1), NMDA receptors, & AMPA receptors. Strengthened synaptic connections as a result of these processes result in improved memory.

The pharmacologic mechanism behind the neuroprotective activity of methylene blue is unique in that it does not involve a receptor-ligand interaction, as do most drugs. In addition, MB also exhibits an atypical dose-response curve– one that has been described as hormetic[8]. Hormesis is a phenomenon where lower doses produce optimum responses while higher doses or exposures may actually produce the opposite effect. Hormesis is an intriguing pattern that may explain the dose-responses associated with exercise & oxidative stress, where the right amount of exercise-induced oxidative stress induces a cascade of favourable physiologic adaptations that can mitigate more severe stressors[9].

An example hormetic dose-response curve. Note the inverse response caused with higher doses.[10]

As previously mentioned, metabolism of MB involves reduction to leukomethylene blue (MBH2). MB is primarily eliminated in the urine (75%)[11].

What is it like?

I have tested BlueBrainBoost’s formulation with the following results. I have noticed increased energy and decreased fatigue, with an onset of up to 1 hour and duration of 2-4 hours. The only adverse effects were discolouration of the mouth and urine. I used a dosage of 10 mg (20 drops) in the morning sublingually before brushing my teeth. During this time, I was also taking 30 mg/day coluracetam, 500 mg/day ashwagandha, & 600 mg/day NAC. I suspect that coadministration of CoQ10 and creatine may have a synergistic effect based on the pharmacologic site and mechanism of action.

Is it safe?

Methylene blue is associated with a very favourable safety profile. It is generally well-tolerated at doses lower than 2 mg/kg.[12] The most noticeable side effect of MB is blue discolouration of the oral cavity and blue or blue-green discoloration of the urine. These effects are reversible and not harmful. [13] Staining of the teeth can be removed with repeated tooth-brushing, and discolouration of the urine ceases after the drug is fully removed from the system. Other reported adverse effects include a mild headache and dizziness[14].

MB does exhibit some serotonergic activity. This is due to its inhibition of enzymatic degradation of serotonin by MAO-A. Intravenous doses higher than 5 mg/kg have led to the development of serotonin syndrome. This risk is increased in individuals already taking other serotonergic agents (e.g. tianeptine, St. John’s Wort, common antidepressants, dextromethorphan, tramadol). For these reasons, individuals at risk should avoid coadministration of MB with serotonergic agents by at least 2 weeks (or more depending upon the agent), start at low doses, & increase carefully to an effective dose.

Neurotoxicity has been associated with some preparations of MB as a result of chemical impurities. The presence of heavy metals used in the synthesis of MB can have adverse effects on neurones. Thus, only pharmaceutical grade formulations are recommended for human consumption – not lab grade, & not aquarium grade. These formulations may not meet USP standards and may contain up to 11% contaminants.

How should I take it?

Because MB’s role as a neuroprotective agent in humans is still being studied, there is as yet no recommended dosage. The animal doses used in preclinical trials roughly converts to a human equivalent dose of 0.16–0.64 mg/kg administered sublingually. Sublingual administration may produce higher bioavailability than oral administration, but causes more staining of the mouth. I calculated my dose like so:

0.16 to 0.64 mg/kg × 54.43 kg = 8.71 mg to 34.84 mg per dose

10 mg/1 mL = 8.71 mg/x mL → 0.87 mL × 20 gtt/1 mL = 17 gtt to 3.5 mL per dose SL (gtt = drops)

It should be noted that due to the hormetic dose-response curve, the response to MB may decrease with higher doses. MB is typically formulated as a 10 mg/mL solution, where 1 drop = 0.05 mL = 0.5 mg. The bottle should be shaken well before administration.

Summary

Overall, I would recommend methylene blue to individuals looking for an inexpensive extra boost in energy. I have not tested MB long enough to notice changes in cognition or memory, but the pre-clinical studies & pharmacologic literature seem to support this benefit.

Methylene blue supports mitochondrial respiration & strengthens synaptic connections, which may lead to decreased fatigue and enhanced cognition & recall. MB exhibits a hormetic dose-response curve.

The safety profile has been well-characterised, and MB has generally been shown to be well-tolerated. I believe the most important warnings are those concerning serotonin syndrome and chemical impurities.

The best-estimated dosage is only an approximation from animal studies. MB is not yet recommended for human consumption for the purpose of improving cognition and memory.

Only pharmaceutical grade formulations of MB should be used.

No review found! Insert a valid review ID.

References   [ + ]

1. ↑ Ginimuge PR, Jyothi SD. Methylene blue: revisited. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2. ↑ Callaway NL, Riha PD, Bruchey AK, Munshi Z, Gonzalez-Lima F. Methylene blue improves brain oxidative metabolism & memory retention in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2004; 77:175–181. 3, 7. ↑ Rojas JC, Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F. Neurometabolic mechanisms for memory enhancement & neuroprotection of methylene blue. Prog Neurobiol. 2012 Jan;96(1):32-45. 4. ↑ Poteet E, Winters A, Yan L, Shufelt K, Green KN, Simpkins JW, et al. Neuroprotective actions of methylene blue & its derivatives. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48279-. 5. ↑ Gonzalez-Lima F, Barksdale BR, Rojas JC. Mitochondrial respiration as a target for neuroprotection & cognitive enhancement. Biochem Pharmacol. 2014 Apr 15;88(4):584-93. 6. ↑ Miclescu A, Basu S, Wiklund L. Methylene blue added to a hypertonic-hyperoncotic solution increases short-term survival in experimental cardiac arrest. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 34:2806–2813. 8. ↑ Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F. Behavioral, physiological, and biochemical hormetic responses to the auto-oxidizable dye methylene blue. Am. J. Pharm. & Toxicol. 2008; 3:72–79. 9. ↑ Ji LL, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Vina J. Role of free radicals & antioxidant signaling in skeletal muscle health and pathology. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2009;9(4):428–444. 10. ↑ Rojas JC, Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F. Neurometabolic mechanisms for memory enhancement and neuroprotection of methylene blue. Prog Neurobiol. 2012 Jan;96(1):32-45. 11. ↑ Medscape® 5.1.2, (electronic version). Reuters Health Information, New York, New York. 12, 14. ↑ Ginimuge PR, Jyothi SD. Methylene blue: revisited. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Oct;26(4):517-20. 13. ↑ Gillett MJ, Burnett JR. Medications and green urine. Intern Med J. 2006 01;36(1):64-6.

function footnote_expand_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").show(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("-"); function footnote_collapse_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").hide(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("+"); function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container() if (jQuery("#footnote_references_container").is(":hidden")) footnote_expand_reference_container(); else footnote_collapse_reference_container(); function footnote_moveToAnchor(p_str_TargetID) footnote_expand_reference_container(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery("#" + p_str_TargetID); if(l_obj_Target.length) jQuery('html, body').animate( scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight/2 , 1000);

New Post has been published at https://nootropix.com/methylene-blue-nootropic-review/

Methylene Blue as a Nootropic? (Review)

Since its initial synthesis in 1886, the phenothiazine derivative methylene blue (MB) has been established as a highly versatile chemical agent with a diverse span of uses, ranging from treating malaria to dying textiles[1]. Within the past few years, preclinical research has suggested a possible neuroprotective benefit from MB administration. MB is believed to promote neuronal cell health by supporting mitochondrial function. Animal studies have yielded promising results in neurocognitive tests[2][3]. Here is what you need to know if you’re interested in using methylene blue.

How does Methylene Blue work?

Mitochondria are organelles within cells that play the key role of energy production. Cellular energy is stored in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), one of the most important molecules in the cell. As the name suggests, ATP contains three linked phosphate groups. Removal of each group releases a large amount of energy, which is expended in supporting cellular function. Subsequent removal of ATP produces ADP (adenosine diphosphate) & AMP (adenosine monophosphate). ATP is produced within mitochondria as a final product of respiration, a series of biochemical reactions that extract energy from glucose. These biochemical reactions require oxygen & electron carriers (e.g. NADH).

Methylene blue acts as an artificial electron carrier, promoting mitochondrial respiration. The net outcome is more energy available as ATP for cellular processes.[4]

Methylene blue supports mitochondrial respiration by functioning as an additional electron carrier[5]. MB receives electrons from NADH through mitochondrial complex I, itself being reduced to leuco-MB (MBH2). Leuco-MB then donates the electrons to cytochrome C, upon which it is recycled back to MB. These reactions serve to create a high proton (H+) concentration in the space between the inner & outer mitochondrial membranes. This leads to the passage of H+ down the concentration gradient, through mitochondrial complex V. In doing so, ADP & a phosphate (Pi) are joined to form ATP. Leuco-MB can also act as a free radical scavenger, neutralising superoxides by accepting electrons & itself becoming oxidized back to MB[6]. In this way, leuco-MB acts to prevent direct oxidative damage caused by free radicals.

Methylene blue preferentially accumulates in more active neurones (A), & potentiates mitochondrial & synaptic activity (B). These processes result in increased & improved neurotransmission (C), which is thought to be the mechanism behind the neurocognitive benefits associated with MB.[7]

MB has been observed to preferentially localise in neurones that are more active[3]. Stimulated mitochondria in these neurones modulate genomic expression of proteins that further potentiate mitochondrial respiration via nuclear respiratory transcription factor (NRF-1), resulting in increased expression of cytochrome oxidase (COX), nitric oxide synthase (NOS-1), NMDA receptors, & AMPA receptors. Strengthened synaptic connections as a result of these processes result in improved memory.

The pharmacologic mechanism behind the neuroprotective activity of methylene blue is unique in that it does not involve a receptor-ligand interaction, as do most drugs. In addition, MB also exhibits an atypical dose-response curve– one that has been described as hormetic[8]. Hormesis is a phenomenon where lower doses produce optimum responses while higher doses or exposures may actually produce the opposite effect. Hormesis is an intriguing pattern that may explain the dose-responses associated with exercise & oxidative stress, where the right amount of exercise-induced oxidative stress induces a cascade of favourable physiologic adaptations that can mitigate more severe stressors[9].

An example hormetic dose-response curve. Note the inverse response caused with higher doses.[10]

As previously mentioned, metabolism of MB involves reduction to leukomethylene blue (MBH2). MB is primarily eliminated in the urine (75%)[11].

What is it like?

I have tested BlueBrainBoost’s formulation with the following results. I have noticed increased energy and decreased fatigue, with an onset of up to 1 hour and duration of 2-4 hours. The only adverse effects were discolouration of the mouth and urine. I used a dosage of 10 mg (20 drops) in the morning sublingually before brushing my teeth. During this time, I was also taking 30 mg/day coluracetam, 500 mg/day ashwagandha, & 600 mg/day NAC. I suspect that coadministration of CoQ10 and creatine may have a synergistic effect based on the pharmacologic site and mechanism of action.

Is it safe?

Methylene blue is associated with a very favourable safety profile. It is generally well-tolerated at doses lower than 2 mg/kg.[12] The most noticeable side effect of MB is blue discolouration of the oral cavity and blue or blue-green discoloration of the urine. These effects are reversible and not harmful. [13] Staining of the teeth can be removed with repeated tooth-brushing, and discolouration of the urine ceases after the drug is fully removed from the system. Other reported adverse effects include a mild headache and dizziness[14].

MB does exhibit some serotonergic activity. This is due to its inhibition of enzymatic degradation of serotonin by MAO-A. Intravenous doses higher than 5 mg/kg have led to the development of serotonin syndrome. This risk is increased in individuals already taking other serotonergic agents (e.g. tianeptine, St. John’s Wort, common antidepressants, dextromethorphan, tramadol). For these reasons, individuals at risk should avoid coadministration of MB with serotonergic agents by at least 2 weeks (or more depending upon the agent), start at low doses, & increase carefully to an effective dose.

Neurotoxicity has been associated with some preparations of MB as a result of chemical impurities. The presence of heavy metals used in the synthesis of MB can have adverse effects on neurones. Thus, only pharmaceutical grade formulations are recommended for human consumption – not lab grade, & not aquarium grade. These formulations may not meet USP standards and may contain up to 11% contaminants.

How should I take it?

Because MB’s role as a neuroprotective agent in humans is still being studied, there is as yet no recommended dosage. The animal doses used in preclinical trials roughly converts to a human equivalent dose of 0.16–0.64 mg/kg administered sublingually. Sublingual administration may produce higher bioavailability than oral administration, but causes more staining of the mouth. I calculated my dose like so:

0.16 to 0.64 mg/kg × 54.43 kg = 8.71 mg to 34.84 mg per dose

10 mg/1 mL = 8.71 mg/x mL → 0.87 mL × 20 gtt/1 mL = 17 gtt to 3.5 mL per dose SL (gtt = drops)

It should be noted that due to the hormetic dose-response curve, the response to MB may decrease with higher doses. MB is typically formulated as a 10 mg/mL solution, where 1 drop = 0.05 mL = 0.5 mg. The bottle should be shaken well before administration.

Summary

Overall, I would recommend methylene blue to individuals looking for an inexpensive extra boost in energy. I have not tested MB long enough to notice changes in cognition or memory, but the pre-clinical studies & pharmacologic literature seem to support this benefit.

Methylene blue supports mitochondrial respiration & strengthens synaptic connections, which may lead to decreased fatigue and enhanced cognition & recall. MB exhibits a hormetic dose-response curve.

The safety profile has been well-characterised, and MB has generally been shown to be well-tolerated. I believe the most important warnings are those concerning serotonin syndrome and chemical impurities.

The best-estimated dosage is only an approximation from animal studies. MB is not yet recommended for human consumption for the purpose of improving cognition and memory.

Only pharmaceutical grade formulations of MB should be used.

No review found! Insert a valid review ID.

References   [ + ]

1. ↑ Ginimuge PR, Jyothi SD. Methylene blue: revisited. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2. ↑ Callaway NL, Riha PD, Bruchey AK, Munshi Z, Gonzalez-Lima F. Methylene blue improves brain oxidative metabolism & memory retention in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2004; 77:175–181. 3, 7. ↑ Rojas JC, Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F. Neurometabolic mechanisms for memory enhancement & neuroprotection of methylene blue. Prog Neurobiol. 2012 Jan;96(1):32-45. 4. ↑ Poteet E, Winters A, Yan L, Shufelt K, Green KN, Simpkins JW, et al. Neuroprotective actions of methylene blue & its derivatives. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e48279-. 5. ↑ Gonzalez-Lima F, Barksdale BR, Rojas JC. Mitochondrial respiration as a target for neuroprotection & cognitive enhancement. Biochem Pharmacol. 2014 Apr 15;88(4):584-93. 6. ↑ Miclescu A, Basu S, Wiklund L. Methylene blue added to a hypertonic-hyperoncotic solution increases short-term survival in experimental cardiac arrest. Crit. Care Med. 2006; 34:2806–2813. 8. ↑ Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F. Behavioral, physiological, and biochemical hormetic responses to the auto-oxidizable dye methylene blue. Am. J. Pharm. & Toxicol. 2008; 3:72–79. 9. ↑ Ji LL, Gomez-Cabrera MC, Vina J. Role of free radicals & antioxidant signaling in skeletal muscle health and pathology. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2009;9(4):428–444. 10. ↑ Rojas JC, Bruchey AK, Gonzalez-Lima F. Neurometabolic mechanisms for memory enhancement and neuroprotection of methylene blue. Prog Neurobiol. 2012 Jan;96(1):32-45. 11. ↑ Medscape® 5.1.2, (electronic version). Reuters Health Information, New York, New York. 12, 14. ↑ Ginimuge PR, Jyothi SD. Methylene blue: revisited. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol. 2010 Oct;26(4):517-20. 13. ↑ Gillett MJ, Burnett JR. Medications and green urine. Intern Med J. 2006 01;36(1):64-6.

function footnote_expand_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").show(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("-"); function footnote_collapse_reference_container() jQuery("#footnote_references_container").hide(); jQuery("#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button").text("+"); function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container() if (jQuery("#footnote_references_container").is(":hidden")) footnote_expand_reference_container(); else footnote_collapse_reference_container(); function footnote_moveToAnchor(p_str_TargetID) footnote_expand_reference_container(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery("#" + p_str_TargetID); if(l_obj_Target.length) jQuery('html, body').animate( scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight/2 , 1000);

New Post has been published at Nootropix.com

Is Berberine the New Resveratrol?

Berberine is an amazing multi-purpose supplement. It is a fat loss aid, a natural diabetes treatment, a life extension promoter, an antibiotic and antifungal compound, a class III antiarrhythmic, an Alzheimer’s disease treatment and nootropic, a chemopreventive and cancer-fighting compound – and that’s just the tip of the iceberg… Subscribe To Our Brain's Health Newsletter

New Post has been published at Nootropix.com

How To Reduce Cannabis Memory Impairment (and Enhance its Effects)

Is there a way to reduce marijuana’s detrimental effect on memory using nootropic supplements? Subscribe To Our Brain's Health Newsletter

New Post has been published at Nootropix.com

How To Reduce Cannabis Memory Impairment (and Enhance its Effects)

Is there a way to reduce marijuana’s detrimental effect on memory using nootropic supplements? Subscribe To Our Brain's Health Newsletter

New Post has been published at Nootropix.com

How To Reduce Cannabis Memory Impairment (and Enhance its Effects)

Is there a way to reduce marijuana’s detrimental effect on memory using nootropic supplements? Subscribe To Our Brain's Health Newsletter

New Post has been published at Nootropix.com

How To Reduce Cannabis Memory Impairment (and Enhance its Effects)

Is there a way to reduce marijuana’s detrimental effect on memory using nootropics? Related Posts Subscribe To Our Brain's Health Newsletter

New Post has been published at Nootropix.com

The Neurological Benefits of Sarcosine and D-Serine

Sarcosine and D-serine are two fascinating compounds that are thought to have antipsychotic, antidepressant and nootropic activity. Subscribe To Our Brain's Health Newsletter