加油!

Norwegian on the Web — free course by NTNU

Barnebøker for Norge (children’s books for norway) — free norwegian children’s books for a variety of levels & they also have audio! also they have an option to go between bokmål and nynorsk which is pretty fun

Klart Det! — for more advanced lessons (B2+)

Norwegian Teacher Karin on youtube — she doesn’t upload that frequently anymore but her past videos are super helpful

NorwegianClass101 on youtube

Future Learn Introduction to Norwegian — free four week course by the university of oslo

På Vei (textbook) — this is a beginner textbook but it’s entirely in norwegian so a bit of knowledge of norwegian is needed

På Vei Digital — free exercises to go along with på vei

Exploring Norwegian Grammar — free grammar website made by kirsti macdonald who co-wrote på vei 

Loecsen Learn Norwegian — another free (very beginner) course

norwegian dictionary with both bokmål and nynorsk — not a translation dictionary but just a regular one but it has both bokmål and nynorsk

NRK Nyheter — this is a bit advanced obviously but NRK is my go-to if i want norwegian reading practice (it’s just news but also NRK has tv programs as well including skam & they also have radio)

SKAM website full episodes — you’ll need a vpn but they have norwegian subtitles also it’s great for learning how people speak every day

Lovleg episodes — same as above (you’ll need a vpn) also lovleg will be a little hard to understand if you’re learning bokmål bc it’s very dialect-y but another show to watch in norwegian that i think is good

my norwegian playlist on spotify — it’s not super long but good for discovering norwegian music if you don’t know any :-)

edit bc my friend recommended these 2 podcasts:

Norsk for Beginners — for A1-A2 learners

Lær Norsk Nå — for B1-B2 learners

After 4+ hours of collecting and organizing my Norwegian posts, I have decided to put them all into a big resource masterpost. These are resources from about a year of posting. I hope you all find these helpful!

Word lists & phrase lists (not in any particular order)

Frosty Morning vocab

Late Night vocab

Language Study vocab

Book vocab

Some useful words when writing a Norwegian essay

Forest Hike vocab

Mathematics vocab

Spring vocab

Polar-themed vocab

LoveWave (song by Iveta Mukuchyan) vocab

Optical Phenomena vocab

Sand-themed vocab

Norwegian Summer vocab

110 Random-But-Quite-Useful vocab

Home-themed vocab

Some Norwegian adverbs

21 useful phrases of daily Norwegian

Word of the day 

There are 200+ word of the day posts on my blog, and making a link for every one of them would take an eternity. Therefore, I advise you to just search on “wordoftheday” on my blog and all the posts should show up. Here is a link to the search. 

Grammar + other Norwegian language related explanations

I have somehow highlighted the more useful resources in this list!

Sentence structure: 1 2

Several possible options 

“På” after the verb “bevege”

Begge vs begge to

Comparatives and superlatives 

Vann vs vannet (including vatn)

Reflexive pronouns

Both “til” and “å” can be translated as “to”

“I love doing …”, “I hate being …”, infinitives

“Det vil jeg tro” vs “Jeg vil tro det”

“Ikke” after & before the verb

“da” vs “når”

“unnskyld” vs “beklager”

short examples with “å være”

“over hele verden” vs “i hele verden”

“Heller”, “annet”, “anna”, “annen”, “andre”, “gjerne”, “enig”,”enig i”, “enig med”

“Den”, “det”, “deg”, “dette”, denne”, “disse”

“Den vakre vennen min”

How to use the word “på”

“Er det det det er?”

“Den er”, “det er”, “denne er” etc.

plural definite

“å gjøre” = “to do”

How to use the word “man”

The feminine indefinite article “ei” and the feminine “-a” definite ending

“jo”

“av” vs “for” vs “til”

“En” vs “enn”

Two d’s in “Tror du at du får gjort det i kveld?”

Possessive pronouns

“Skulle helst”

Emphasis on pronouns

“Åpne opp” & “lukk opp” both means “open up”

General neuter pronoun in Norwegian

Nouns whose indefinite plural is the same as indefinite singular

“Siden” vs “ettersom”

“vel” & “nok”

Why “de stiller mye spørsmåler” is wrong

How to say “where is your top from”

The use of “den”

The use of definite form and indefinite form

The use of en, et & ei + the letter “æ” handwritten

“Vil du …?” & “Har du lyst …?”

“Lille”, “liten”, “små”

the word “da”

How to translate phrases like “the beautiful” & “the lovely” as in “the beautiful town of Lillehammer”

The difference between “derimot”, “uansett hvor”, “dog”, “likevel”, “imens” & “imidlertid”

Subject-verb inversion in question sentences

“Hjem” vs “hjemme”

How to use the word “sin”, “si”, “sitt” + possessive pronouns

The word “ass”: 1 2 3

“Kjekk” vs “pen” vs “vakker”

“Looking forward to” & “I am excited” in Norwegian

Reflexive pronouns (”meg” vs ”meg selv”)

“Å leke” vs “å spille”

“Takk for sist”

How and when to use commas in Norwegian

“gå” vs “dra”

“is about to …” in Norwegian

the -s suffix

past tenses with -a + multiple options for past tense

“you don’t happen to have …?” in Norwegian

The difference between “å sette”, “å sitte”, “å ligge” and “å legge”

Texts

a short Norwegian text with translations

en liten fortelling på norsk

En liten påskefortelling (a tiny Easter story)

I just watched 舟を編む, it was crazy good. I want more animes about dictionaries!!! So anyway I made a vocab list inspired by that anime :) please let me know if there are any mistakes.

言語　「げんご」　language

言語学　「げんごがく」　linguistics

言葉　「ことば」　words

単語　「たんご」　vocabulary

文　「ぶん」　sentence

語彙　「ごい」　vocabulary

辞書　「じしょ」　dictionary

辞典　「じてん」　dictionary

字引　「じびき」　dictionary

（辞書・辞典・字引）を引く　「ひく」　look up in a dictionary

語幹　「ごかん」　word root, stem 

語末　「ごまつ」　ending, suffix

語感　「ごかん」　feeling of a word, nuance

文語　「ぶんご」　literary language

語釈　「ごしゃく」　interpretation of a word

定義　「ていぎ」　definition

語源　「ごげん」　etymology

語学　「ごがく」　language study

語学者　「ごがくしゃ」　linguist

文法　「ぶんぽう」　grammar

古語　「こご」　old, archaic word

古語辞典　「こごじてん」　dictionary of classical japanese

手話　「しゅわ」　sign language

対訳　「たいやく」　dual language book, bilingual book

言葉を大事にする　「ことばをだいじにする」　to take care with your expressions

表現　「ひょうげん」　expression, phrase

dictionaries:

言海　「げんかい」：  the first modern japanese dictionary, written by 大槻文彦　（おおつきふみひこ）　in 1891. meaning “great sea of words” (this was mentioned in 舟を編む!)

広辞苑　「こうじえん」：  the most authoritative single-volume dictionary of　Japanese, literally “wide garden of words”

大辞林　「だいじりん」：  another single-volume dictionary created to　compete with Koujien. Literally “Great forest of words”  

漢和辞典　「かんわじてん」：  kanji dictionary  (general)

⇒大漢和辞典 「だいかんわじてん」　is the most definitive kanji dictionary, with over 50,000 characters, and 530,000 kanji compound words. 

大渡海　「だいとかい」： the fictional dictionary from 舟を編む, literally “great passage”, created to cross the sea of words （言海）

So having to clear up that whole thing, I made a list of some of my favourite Norwegian words and expressions based on fruits and vegetables that might not translate well in English!

Du er litt potet, du - You’re a bit of a potato: Compliment, meaning you can do a bit of everything. Like the potato, you’re versatile.

Din løk - You onion: Insult, meaning someone is a bit dim. Like the onion, if you peel it all away there’ll be nothing there.

Det er bare blåbær - It’s just blueberries: Expression, meaning something is simple, or something is only a minor issue.

Bite i det sure eplet - Take a bite of the sour apple: Expression, meaning having to do or accept something you don’t want to or like.

Borte som ei sviske - Gone like a prune: Expression, meaning something has completely disappeared.

Dra dit pepper’n gror - Go where the pepper grows. Insult, meaning ‘go to hell’.

Fotsopp - Mushroom foot: Medical condition, meaning athlete’s foot.

Eplekjekk - Apple handsome: Expression, meaning someone who is being cocky.

Ferskenhud - Peach skin: Compliment, meaning soft, nice skin.

Få mye pepper - Get a lot of pepper: Expression, meaning getting a lot of criticism/being reprimanded.

Høy på pæra - High on pears: Expression, meaning someone who is arrogant (head gets so big it looks like a pear)

Som plommen i egget - Like the yolk in the egg. Expression, meaning someone is perfectly relaxed and comfortable.

Nappe seg i løken - Yank the onion: Expression, meaning a man who masturbates.

Smårips - Little redcurrant: Expression, meaning young girls. Often in connection with an older person taking a romantic/sexual interest in someone significantly younger and/or underage.

Sur som en sitron - Sour like a lemon: Expression, meaning someone is angry.

Tråkke i salaten - Step in the salad: Expression, meaning having done something inappropriate or something foolish.

Tyttebærpoliti - The lingonberry police: Expression with a negative connotation, meaning a security guard. Originated with the private security firm Securitas because of the logo.

Være på bærtur - To be picking berries: Expression, meaning someone is completely lost/wrong.

Slippe en bønne - Release a bean: Expression, meaning someone farted.

hi!! i actually started learning chinese in a classroom, but it definitely wasn’t perfect. here are some tips i wish someone had given me before i started.

getting started:

learn the four tones, and how to mark them using both pinyin and numbers

pinyin = one way we phonetically spell chinese words using the roman alphabet 

example: wǒ = wo3

master these 35 common radicals

radicals are the basic building blocks of chinese characters. some are also words themselves, like 人(rén), which means person. memorizing them will help you retain characters better and at least give you some context as to what new words might mean. 

there are traditional and simplified forms of many chinese characters. it is important to try and learn how to at least read both.

i admit i cannot write every word i know in traditional from memory, but i can recognize traditional characters. this means i can read them and type them using pinyin. 

helpful apps:

Pleco

a chinese dictionary app that will save your life, i promise!!

if you are serious about learning chinese and are willing to splurge a little bit, i highly recommend paying for the extensions like the handwriting tool and live scan

LingoDeer

this app is similar to Duolingo, but i think it is superior when it comes to east asian languages

Quizlet/Memrise

you can use either of these apps to create flash cards for your new vocabulary 

helpful websites:

YellowBridge

this website has a dictionary that allows you paste whole sentences and then look at the meaning of all the individual words. it’s much more thorough than google translate 

textbooks:

Chinese Link

this is the textbook i used at university. you can purchase it either bound or loose leaf and hole punched. i think it is a nice textbook and organized and well. it also provides summaries of vocab and grammar learned every few chapters, and again at the end of book. 

New Practical Chinese Reader

Making study time a relaxing experience is the ultimate hack to detach the stress/obligation factor from it and start learning in a pleasing way

Start early: when the deadline is far enough to not worry, that’s when it’s the perfect time. Timing will either add or susbtract anxiety.

Silence: white noise or classical tracks at a low volume can make a peaceful session but silence will give you a sharper focus. Try gradually transitioning into it if you need to.

The spot: this is up to you. I found i can concentrate best in a spot at home next to a window where i get plenty of natural light and i can see the backyard full of greenery.

Snacks: find what you like best and enjoy whilst studying. Remember to stay hydrated and that apples are great to boost your brain.

End your session when you finish a chapter: since i’ve been doing this it feels like a higher accomplishment and makes it clear when its over so you can relax afterwards. Also the next session will feel fresher and more organized right from the begining.

Reward: you dont have to do anything spectacular for it. Even just saying to yourself “i’m proud of you for this” is just enough.

Some of you may have seen the video I did on my study planner but I thought I would do a post on it too ^^ I’ve been working on a downloadable/printable study planner designed specifically with language learners in mind! It includes over 30 different pages that you can print as many times as you need. It’s meant to be flexible to each learner so you can pick and choose the pages you need and the order in which you need them. 

Pages include:

100 days of productivity Books to read/films to watch in your target language Daily, weekly, monthly and yearly planner pages Goals and grade trackers Key phrases, grammar, vocabulary and verbs pages Language study tracker Lesson summary and reflective learning journal Reading, writing, speaking and listening focus pages Resources and wishlist

For if you want to make hip young friends.

Disclaimer: French people complain a lot. A lot. Don’t be surprised if 90% of these expressions are complaining.

Non mais oh - say this if someone does something mildly annoying and you want to express your shock and distaste.

Tu me fais chier - (alt. tu me fais chier, là.) literally ‘you make me shit’. means you’re pissing me off.

Carrément - translates to ‘squarely’. Means ‘literally’. If someone tells you something surprising or annoying, you can answer simply “ah carrément.” see: tu me fais carrément chier.

J’hallucine / je rêve - are you annoyed by something? say these.

C’est pas possible - a classic. anything bad happens - c’est pas possible. There is no cheese left? It’s not possible. I’m hallucinating. This is a burden on me that solely I can bear I cannot believe this is happening.

Ça commence à me gaver - I’m starting to get real sick of this. see: Ça commence carrément a me gaver là, putain.

T’es relou - verlan slang for ‘lourd’ meaning someone’s heavy, personality-wise. They’re tedious.

Ça me saoûle / ça me gonfle - similar to gaver, means something’s pissing you off, you’re sick of it.

Grave - totally.

C’est clair - totally/that’s clear. Like ‘claro’ in spanish. “Justine elle est trop relou” “C’est clair. Elle me fait chier.”

J’en ai marre - I’m sick of this.

J’en ai ras le bol - I’m sick of this.

J’en ai ras le cul - I’m sick of this (vulgar).

(J’en ai) Rien à battre - I don’t give a damn.

(J’en ai) Rien à foutre - I don’t give a fuck.

C’est bon, là. -  That’s enough.

Perso, euh, - “Personally,” generally used at the start of a complaining sentence, to express how personal the matter is to you. Perso, euh, c’est bon là. J’en ai ras le cul.

Rôh là - general expression of distaste. Le longer the rôh, the more annoyed you are. Rôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôôh, c’est quoi ce bordel.

C’est quoi ce bordel ? - translates to “what’s this brothel”, means “what’s this shit?!”

C’est de la merde - It’s shit.

C’est une blague ? - Is this a joke?

Idem - ditto

J’ai la dalle - I’m hungry

Ça caille - It’s freezing

Ouf - two meanings 1. phew or 2. verlan for “fou”, meaning crazy (as a noun or adjective). “Kévin, c’est un ouf! Il fait du vélo sans casque!” “Ouais carrément, c’était un truc de ouf!”

Kévin - there’s a running joke that all the young delinquents seem to be called Kévin.

Crever - slang for “to die”. Va crever, connard!

Connard/Connasse - c*nt, but a lot less vulgar in french peoples eyes

And finally,

A1-A2

På Vei

tekstbok

arbeidsbok

website

B1

Stein på Stein

tekstbok

arbeidsbok

website

B2

Her på Berget

tekstbok

arbeidsbok

1. 是 [shì] ~ (to) be

2. 有 [yǒu] ~ (to) have

3. 做 [zuò] ~ (to) do; (to) make

4. 可以 [kě yǐ] ~ can; (to) give permission

5. 认识 [rèn shí] ~ (to) be acquainted qith

6. 知道 [zhī dào] (怎样) (zěn yàng) ~ (to) know (be aware)

7. 理解 [lǐ jiě] ~ (to) understand

8. 讲 [jiǎng] ~ (to) speak; (to) talk

9. 听 [tīng] ~ (to) listen to

10. 听到 [tīng dào] ~ (to) hear

11. 看 [kàn] ~ (to) see

12. 觉得 [jué de] ~ (to) feel

13. 活着 [huó zhe] ~ (to) live

14. 要 [yào] ~ (to) want

15. 需要 [xū yào] ~ (to) need

16. 喜欢 [xǐ huān] ~ (to) like

17. 爱 [ài] ~ (to) love

18. 给 [gěi] ~ (to) give

19. 拿 [ná] ~ (to) take

20. 玩 [wán] ~ (to) play

21. 笑 [xiào] ~ (to) laugh

22. 来 [lái] ~ (to) come

23. 去 [qù] ~ (to) go

24. 坐 [zuò] (…) 去 [qù] ~ (to) go by (…) (e.g. by car)

25. 写 [xiě] ~ (to) write

26. 读 [dú] ~ (to) read

27. 计数 [jì shù] ~ (to) count

28. 发音 [fā yīn] ~ (to) pronounce

29. 拼 [pīn] ~ (to) spell

30. 共轭 [gòng è] ~ (to) conjugate

31. 记住 [jì zhù] ~ (to) remember

32. 忘记 [wàng jì] ~ (to) forget

33. 吃 [chī] ~ (to) eat

34. 试 [shì] ~ (to) try

35. 用 [yòng] ~ (to) use

36. 打开 [dǎ kāi] ~ (to) open

37. 关闭 [guān bì] ~ (to) close

38. 欢迎 [huān yíng] ~ (to) greet; (to) welcome

39. 开始 [kāi shǐ] ~ (to) begin

Planets as Mandarin vocab: 

Mercury - 水星 (shuǐ xīng) lit. water star Venus - 金星 (jīn xīng) lit. gold star Mars - 火星 (huǒ xīng) lit. fire star Jupiter - 木星(mù xīng) lit. wood star Saturn - 土星 (tǔ xīng) lit. earth star Earth - 地球 (dì qiú) lit. ground sphere Uranus - 天王星 (tiān wáng xīng) lit. sky king star Neptune - 海王星 (hǎi wáng xīng) lit. sea king star

🌷 脚踏实地 (jiǎo tà shí dì) 脚踏实地 literally means “to step on solid ground.” It means that you work hard, focus on the fundamentals, and proceed in a steady and stable fashion. It’s an extremely positive chengyu. Here’s an example : “现在我们要继续脚踏实地”   “xiànzài wǒmen yào jìxù jiǎotàshídì”   “Right now we need to continue staying grounded and pushing ahead”   

🌷 九牛一毛 (jiǔ niú yì máo) 九牛一毛 literally means “9 cows and 1 strand of cow hair.” It indicates something that’s so small that it’s like one strand of cow hair among 9 cows. Here’s an example: “电子商务的盈利在中国整体商业环境中简直是九牛一毛.”   “diànzǐ shāngwù de yínglì zài zhōngguó zhěngtǐ shāngyè huánjìng zhōng jiǎnzhí shì jiǔniúyìmáo.”   “In the entire Chinese commercial environment, the profits from E-commerce are simply just a drop in the bucket.”  

🌷 一无所有 (yìwúsuǒyǒu) 一无所有 means to have absolutely nothing at all. It’s basically being penniless. Here’s an example: “他无家可归，一无所有”   “tā wújiākěguī， yìwúsuǒyǒu”   “He was homeless, and didn’t have a penny to his name.”  

🌷 一见钟情(yí jiàn zhōng qíng) 一见钟情 means “love at first sight.” It’s generally used for people, but you can also use it for other physical objects. Here’s an example: “她就是我的一见钟情 “   “tā jiùshì wǒ de yíjiànzhōngqíng“   “She is my love at first sight.”  

🌷 自由自在 (zì yóu zì zài) 自由自在 means that something is free and easy. It can be used to describe someone’s personality, how someone behaves, or how a place makes people feel. For example: “这是一个自由自在的地方。”   “zhè shì yī gè zì yóu zì zai de dì fāng”   “This is a free and easy place”  

🌷 莫名其妙 (mò míng qí miào)  莫名其妙 literally means that it’s hard to articulate the profoundness or mystery or something. It basically means that something is baffling. For example: “他说了几句莫名其妙的话。”   “tā shuì le jī gōu mò míng qí miào de huà”   “He said some mysterious words. ”  

🌷 半途而废 (bàn tú ér fèi) 半途而废 means to start doing something, only to give up halfway. Literally, it means to walk half the road and give up. Here’s an example: “我不是半途而废的人”   “wǒ búshì bàntúérfèi de rén”   “I’m not someone who gives up halfway”

🌷 抛砖引玉 (pāo zhuān yǐn yù) 抛砖引玉 (pāo zhuān yǐn yù) basically means you’re “just tossing an idea out there.” It literally means “to cast a brick to attract jade.” You’re basically saying, “this idea I’m tossing out there is garbage, but perhaps it will lead one of you to make a better contribution.” It’s a humble way to contribute to a conversation. Here’s an example: “我的建议还不够成熟，算是抛砖引玉吧 “   “wǒ de jiàn yì hái bú gòu chéng shú, suàn shì pāo zhuān yǐn yù ba “   “My suggestion is still half-baked — you could see it as just me tossing an idea out there“  

🌷 豁然开朗 (huò rán kāi lǎng) 豁然开朗 (huò rán kāi lǎng) has two meanings which are linked. The first meaning is the refreshing and liberating feeling you get when you see a beautiful, open area. Typically, immediately before this moment, the beautiful area is not visible and you might be feeling a little stuffy. Second, it’s also used for the feeling you get when you achieve an “aha” or “eureka!” moment. Here’s an example: “大学时期，乔尼开始有机会用Mac做设计，那是一种豁然开朗的体验“   “dàxué shíqí, qiáoní kāishǐ yǒujīhuì yòng Mac zuò shèjì, nàshì yīzhǒng huòránkāilǎng de tǐyàn”   “During college, Jony began to have opportunities to use a Mac to design, and that was a refreshing, eye-opening experience”  

🌷  津津有味 (jīn jīn yǒu wèi) 津津有味 means to eat something deliciously. Also, it can be used for activities beyond just eating, as long as the person doing the activity finds it engaging. It’s not something that people typically use to describe themselves, but you can liberally use it on your friends as it has a positive tone. Here’s an expressive example: “津津有味地看报”   “jīnjīnyǒuwèi de kànbào”   “to devour the newspaper”  

🌷  理所当然 (lǐ suǒ dāng rán) 理所当然 sounds like “to go without saying” or “as a matter of course,” but literally means that “according to reason, it should be the case.” Here’s an example: “Some things which are obvious or natural in the course of a marriage…”   “。。。在婚姻中的一些～的事。。。”   “。。。zài hūnyīn zhōng de yīxiē ～de shì 。。。”  

🌷  全力以赴 (quán lì yǐ fù) 全力以赴 basically means to give it your all (literally “exert all your strength”) for a goal. It has a positive tone, and is somewhat formal but can still be used in everyday speech. It’s important to note that 全力以赴 is typically used for actions that haven’t finished yet, rather than actions that have already been completed. Here’s an example: “无论考生的笔试成绩如何，都要全力以赴准备面试”   “wúlùn kǎoshēng de bǐshì chéngjì rúhé ，dōuyào quánlìyǐfù zhǔnbèi miànshì”   “No matter how the student’s written test score is, he/she needs to give 100% to prepare for the interview”  

🌷  心血来潮 (xīn xuè lái cháo) 心血来潮 basically means “spur of the moment” or “on a whim.” Literally, it evokes the image of blood rushing to your heart (of course in English we’d say head). It’s a perfect chengyu for when you’re telling a story a friend. For example: “某日他们心血来潮，决定比拼一下各自的脚法“   “mǒu rì tāmen xīnxuèláicháo,juédìng bǐpīn yíxià gèzì de jiǎofǎ”   “One day, on a spur of the moment, they decided to compare and compete to see whose footwork was best”  

🌷  乱七八糟 (luàn qī bā zāo) 乱七八糟 means that something is a total mess. You can use it to describe tangible things like messy rooms, or more abstract things, like a messed up life. For example: 是谁弄得乱七八糟的？   “shì shéi nòng de luàn qī bā zāo de?”   “who made this mess?”  

How do you feel about your Japanese pronunciation? Depending on your native language, a lot of it is very easy. You can produce accurate sounds, similar to those of a native Japanese speaker.

But, there are a few sounds that most people aren’t doing right. R’s and F’s, for example. Beyond that, there are pronunciation challenges such as long vowels, double consonants, the nasal が, and pitch accent. Not to mention it all gets ten times more difficult once you start applying these concepts to sentences, not just words.

Can Japanese people understand you even if you don’t do all of those things? Probably. But to us, learning proper pronunciation is part of the fun. And, don’t you want to speak the best Japanese you possibly can? It’s not as hard as you think to make progress with your pronunciation. Instead of ignoring it, spend an hour going through this page. You’ll be able to apply these concepts literally every time you use or study Japanese.

We’re going to start with foundational work first, then build from there. As you read, try it all out: the mouth shapes, the sounds, the tongue positions—I think you’ll be surprised at how much you’re able to improve in such a short time.

(Hi everyone, sorry I’m not around these days, I simply don’t have the time 😔 Still, I manage to study some Japanese from time to time, and I thought I would share a few notes, since I need to revise!)

First, you’ll need the neutral negative form of the verb・ない形.

Here’s a quick reminder・ない形の作り方：

聞く（きく）＞　聞かない

急ぐ（いそぐ）＞　急がない

話す（はなす）＞　話さない

立つ（たつ）＞　立たない

遊ぶ（あそぶ）＞　遊ばない

休む（やすむ）＞　休まない

帰る（かえる）＞　帰らない

使う（つかう）＞　使わない

忘れる（わすれる）＞　忘れない

見る（みる）＞　見ない

する　＞　しない

来る（くる）＞　こない

Vない ＋ ければなりません / なかればならない

This expression means “have to〜/need to〜.”

Using the 〜ない form of the verb, remove the final い and put ければなりません instead (ければならない if you’re being informal, きゃならない if you’re being very casual).

Examples・例

薬を飲まなければなりません。 （くすり を のまなければなりません） You have to take your medicine.

駅に行かなければならない。 （えき に いかなければならない） I have to go the the (train) station.

会社を休みますから、電話をかけなければなりません。 （かいしゃ を やすみます から、でんわ を かけなければなりません） Since I’m not going to the office, I need to give them a call.

❣℘ Gяциgе lаиgьlя ℘❣