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Letter from the police on the Jeunes-France, April 5, 1832
Aaah Iâve been looking to find this somewhere for agesÂ
this is a follow-up to a rougher police note from March!
2e Division 2e Bureau 2e Service Â
5 avril 1832  De soi-disant rĂ©publicains dont les noms suivent parmi lesquels : Wabre (pierre, jules) rue fontaine au Roi-4, Borel (Petrus) mĂȘme adresse, Borel (francisque) employĂ© Ă la compagnie gĂ©nĂ©rale des sĂ©pultures, rue St Marc feydeau - 18, Bouchardy, graveur sur mĂ©taux, Delabrunie (GĂ©rard) Ă©lĂšve en mĂ©decine, Duseigneur frĂšres, lâun sculpteur et lâautre architecte, Broclet (LĂ©on) vĂ©rificateur en bĂątiment et Sully, anglais, relieur en livre et dĂ©corĂ© de juillet font tous partie dâune sociĂ©tĂ© particuliĂšre ont fondĂ© une rĂ©union nommĂ©e le club des cochons dont le nombre sâĂ©lĂšvent [sic] environ Ă 30 qui se comporte dâenviron 30 individus ([illisible] tous jeunes et on les dit dĂ©terminĂ©s et tous armĂ©s de poignards.Â
Ils ont adoptĂ© des sobriquets depuis une Ă©chauffourĂ©e qui est arrivĂ©e au quâils ont faite passage Choiseul, et sont tous signalĂ©s comme sodomistes. Le chef de la 2e Division prie son collĂšgue chef de la police Male de faire surveiller ces individus afin de connaĂźtre dĂ©couvrir le lieu oĂč il se rĂ©unissent et de faire connaĂźtre le rĂ©sultat de ces points [?] Â
M. le chef de la police Male [illisible et rayĂ©, dĂ©bauche et avoir les nom de tous les membres de cette sociĂ©tĂ©] qui ont tous Ă©tĂ© consignĂ©s dans un opuscule de lâun dâeux Petrus Borel, intitulĂ© Rapsodies.
Le chef de la 2e DivisionÂ
Attempted translation and notes under the cut!
Keep reading
Oh, and the Compagnie GĂ©nĂ©rale des SĂ©pultures was a private burial company based in Paris which still exists today in a certain form.  They had a catalogue; youâd write to them and theyâd send you a brochure so you could pick out what kind of headstone or mausoleum you wanted.  Designing tombs â what a fitting job for a Romantic!  Although actually, while they did put up monumental masonry their main line of business seems to have been mediating with the Parisian cemeteries on behalf of families in the provinces.
Basically, cemetery plots were by default temporary: the city would bury people for free or you could rent a plot for a relatively modest fee, but permanent concessions cost 250 fr/meter for the standard two meters and even more for additional space.  (This is why even quite wealthy families are stacked on top of each other ten deep in Parisian cemeteries instead of having individual graves.)  Since 70% of dead Parisians left no estate at all and only 15% had estates worth more than 2000 fr, shelling out 500 francs to purchase a permanent plot at the time of death was out of reach for most families.  So if you didnât want the city to dig up Granny five years on, you either had to keep paying rent to the cemetery or save up enough money to convert her temporary concession into a permanent one.
All this bureaucracy was annoying to deal with especially if you didnât live in town, so you could contract with the Compagnie GĂ©nĂ©rale des SĂ©pultures to handle it for you and also to maintain the graves.
Letter from the police on the Jeunes-France, April 5, 1832
Aaah Iâve been looking to find this somewhere for agesÂ
this is a follow-up to a rougher police note from March!
2e Division 2e Bureau 2e Service Â
5 avril 1832  De soi-disant rĂ©publicains dont les noms suivent parmi lesquels : Wabre (pierre, jules) rue fontaine au Roi-4, Borel (Petrus) mĂȘme adresse, Borel (francisque) employĂ© Ă la compagnie gĂ©nĂ©rale des sĂ©pultures, rue St Marc feydeau - 18, Bouchardy, graveur sur mĂ©taux, Delabrunie (GĂ©rard) Ă©lĂšve en mĂ©decine, Duseigneur frĂšres, lâun sculpteur et lâautre architecte, Broclet (LĂ©on) vĂ©rificateur en bĂątiment et Sully, anglais, relieur en livre et dĂ©corĂ© de juillet font tous partie dâune sociĂ©tĂ© particuliĂšre ont fondĂ© une rĂ©union nommĂ©e le club des cochons dont le nombre sâĂ©lĂšvent [sic] environ Ă 30 qui se comporte dâenviron 30 individus ([illisible] tous jeunes et on les dit dĂ©terminĂ©s et tous armĂ©s de poignards.Â
Ils ont adoptĂ© des sobriquets depuis une Ă©chauffourĂ©e qui est arrivĂ©e au quâils ont faite passage Choiseul, et sont tous signalĂ©s comme sodomistes. Le chef de la 2e Division prie son collĂšgue chef de la police Male de faire surveiller ces individus afin de connaĂźtre dĂ©couvrir le lieu oĂč il se rĂ©unissent et de faire connaĂźtre le rĂ©sultat de ces points [?] Â
M. le chef de la police Male [illisible et rayĂ©, dĂ©bauche et avoir les nom de tous les membres de cette sociĂ©tĂ©] qui ont tous Ă©tĂ© consignĂ©s dans un opuscule de lâun dâeux Petrus Borel, intitulĂ© Rapsodies.
Le chef de la 2e DivisionÂ
Attempted translation and notes under the cut!
Keep reading
Ah, a question about obscure police functionaries in 1830s Paris!  Just my métier.
The chef de la police municipale is one of the six billion Prefecture officials.  Because the Paris police is weirdly structured, with most of its agents attached directly to the Prefecture of Police instead of to the individual commissaires of the arrondissements, you need a guy to handle the day-to-day management of all those policemen.  Heâs that guy.  Importantly, heâs technically a commissaire, which means heâs a magistrate with the judicial authority to order investigations, something the ordinary police agents and civil servants at the Prefecture donât have.  In 1832 the office was filled by a fellow named Carlier, who had a bad habit of just issuing whatever orders he liked without consulting the Prefect, or even telling him what was going on.  (His successor, amusingly, was a guy named Joly â presumably not our Joly.)
The Second Bureau of the Second Division is (at this point in time) the interrogation branch of the Sûreté.
So basically whatâs happened here is that some friend or enemy of the Daring Romantic Nickname Club has ratted them all out to the cops while under interrogation, and the Head of the SĂ»retĂ© wants the Head of the Municipal Police to order someone to look into it.
Side note on the sodomy thing: while itâs not technically illegal the police do have a habit of chucking people into administrative detention for it (although to be fair to them, more for soliciting or public indecency* than for being sodomists in the privacy of their own apartment).  So itâs not a totally irrelevant prurient detail, although itâs not one the police are likely to act on in this case unless the échauffourĂ©e in the Passage Choiseul involved actual buttsex.
* A category that includes things like âbeing really camp in publicâ as well as things like dogging.
me: oh whoâs this person referenced in the tags of this jean valjean/javert fanfiction, is it a real life police person from the era i donât know about
the person referenced in the tags of this jean valjean/javert fanfiction: *existed on screen for .58239 seconds in the 1950 tamil adaptation of les misĂ©rables but during that time he looked into javertâs eyes intently*Â
Chouan Noms de Guerre
Most Chouans took a nom de guerre, mainly to hide their identities and spare their families from retaliation, but also because it was creepier for the Blues to have to fight a guy calling himself âStab-Everyoneâ than some peasant named Jan Valjan.
Chouan noms de guerre fell into eight main categories:
Physical Descriptions: Le Blond, Belle-Jambe, Frisé, La Gaieté, Jambe-d'Argent, Brûle-Moustache
Geography: Flaire-Andouille, Montfort-la-Canne, La France, l'Empire
Military Vocabulary: La Giberne, Carabine, Mousqueton, Le Canonnier, Mitraille, Housard, Le Chasseur, Rochambeau
Useful Qualities: Rapide, Vif-Argent, Fend-l'Air, Vol-au-Vent, Frappe-d'Abord, Sans-Peur, Le-Petit-Sans-Peur, Va-Sans-Peur, CĆur-de-Lion, Carpar, l'IntrĂ©pide, Vaillant, Bon-Conseil, Franc-Coeur, La VolontĂ©, La Victoire, l'Invincible, Sans-Pareil
Committed: CĆur-de-Roi, Sans-Regret, Sans-Chagrin, BĂ©nĂ©dicitĂ©, Chambort
Tryhard: Danse-à -l'Ombre, Tranche-Montagne, Frappe-à -Mort, Placenette, Sabre-Tout, Brise-Bleu, Court-Bleu, Le Vengeu, Sans-Quartier, Sans-Pitié, Sans-Rémission
WTF: Bas-d'Argent, Petit-Profit, Brin-d'Amour, Blanc-d'Amour, La Musette, Chante-en-Hiver, Cadet-Roussel, Beau-Séjour, Beau-Soleil, Gobe-Soleil, Gueule-d'Empeigne
Vegetation: La Violette, La GiroflĂ©e, La Rose, Fleur-de-Rose, Branche-d'Or, Pomme-d'Or, LâĂpine, Fleur-d'Ă©pine, Belle-Vigne, La RamĂ©e
Sources:Â
Lettres sur l'origine de la Chouannerie et sur les Chouans die Bas-Maine, Jacques Duchemin Descepeaux, Paris, 1825: Â Volume 1Â Â Volume 2
âHistoire de la Ville de Saint-James-de-Beuvronâ, MĂ©moires de la SociĂ©tĂ© AcadĂ©mique du Contentin, Volume 10, Victor-Jacques-François MĂ©nard, Avranches,1894
Notes from the 1924 edition of Quatrevingt-Treize, edited by Gustave Simon

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AAAAAAAA I FOUND THE THING I FOUND THE THING I FOUND THE THING!
These are the dead insurgents from the Saint-Merry barricades who were recognized! 14 bodies were brought to the same morgue and twelve of them were recognized and their information was written down.
Name | Age | Marital Status | Profession | Domicile | Place of BirthÂ
Auffroy (F.) | 17 | Single | Baker | Seine-et-Oise | Seine-et-Oise
Barré (A.) | 30 | Single | Joiner | IVth arrond. | Puy-de-DÔme
Biget (J.F.) | 33 | Single | Bootmaker| VIIth arrond. | JuraÂ
Duchamps (J.) | 29 | Single | Stationer | XIIth arrond. | RhĂŽneÂ
Florantin (J.) | 19 | Single | Currier | IXth arrond. | MeurtheÂ
Fournier (M.) | 63 | ? | Mason | ? | CreuseÂ
Gilbertheau (E.) | 28 | Single | House-painter | Xth arrond. | AllierÂ
Gilibert (J.) | 21 | Single | Journeyman | Seine-et-Oise | IsĂšreÂ
Giroud (L.) | 18 | Single | Cabinetmaker | Vth arrond. | Seine Â
Gras (V.) | 20 | Single | Wig-makerâs Apprentice | IXth arrond. | North
Paule (?) | 20 | Single | Pharmacy Student | VIth arrond. | DrĂŽme Â
Rozel (A.) | 28 | Married | Carriage-painter | VIIth arrond. | Prussia
I hope I didnât make any mistakes. Thatâs a lot of lines to keep track of.
Looks like none of these guys were born in Paris? (Although some where born pretty close.) Two of them didnât even live in Paris (though still nearby). One of them was from Prussia. Six in their twenties, three in their teens (nooo DDD:), two in their thirties and one in his sixties. The youngest was F. Auffroy: baker age 17 from Seine-et-Oise. Most of them workers plus one student.
[source]
Looks like Bouchetâs just giving their department of origin, so Giroud might be Parisian by birth.
But itâs not surprising that so many of them were born elsewhere â public health was such that Paris was below its demographic replacement rate.  It only managed to grow because it was constantly bringing in more new people from the provinces than were dying of disease in the city.
Victor Hugo vs the workersâ barricades, 1848
@melle93 mentioned hoping someone would talk more about Hugoâs involvement in 1848? I will try!
For people interested in this part of Hugoâs bio in particular, I rec Graham Robbâs â Victor Hugo: A Biographyâ as the English-language bio that deals with this in the most depth. (Some, though not all , of the main chapter on it is here). Also justâŠread up on the June Days in particular. Itâs a pretty important episode to understand , both for Hugo Studies and Western Political Developments in General and for why the barricades of 1848 arenât a happily ever after ending, donât do that in your les mis adaptation,oh, my god, do NOT.Â
I feel I should note that there are a lot of wildly varying accounts about Hugoâs involvement in 1848, not least from Hugo himselfâ if you go looking for primary sources, youâll find conflicting claims about who did what when all over  the place. So Iâm definitely not trying to make this be a comprehensive accountâ this is only about Hugoâs role, and it canât even be comprehensive about that!  We Do Not Purport Here to Give a History of 1848, etc. Still, itâs gonna be Long. So! Under the cut:
Keep reading
I see that it is June Days week here on Tumblr.com, and the above post and also this one do an excellent job of talking about the class dynamics at work, but thereâs a crucial element in all this that no one has mentioned.
One explanation for Hugoâs political stance during the June Days may lie in the fact that the Provisional Government was a dictatorship made up of fifteen random people who happened to be in the Chamber of Deputies or at the HĂŽtel de Ville on February 24th.  It had no democratic legitimacy and no right to bind its successors to its policies.  Now, I happen to like those fifteen people better than the elected legislatures that succeeded them, but the right to govern cannot be conferred by the policy preferences of twenty-first century Tumblrites.  It can only come from the consent of the governed.  And on the 23rd and 24th of April 1848, the French people voted to have their constitution drafted by a bunch of dicks.
âThose men,â continued Malin, âare FouchĂ©âs two arms. One, that dandy Corentin, whose face is like a glass of lemonade, vinegar on his lips and verjuice in his eyes, put an end to the insurrection at the West in the year VII. in less than fifteen days. The other is a disciple of Lenoir; he is the only one who preserves the great traditions of the police. I had asked for an agent of no great account, backed by some official personage, and they send me those past-masters of the business! Ah, Grevin, FouchĂ© wants to pry into my game. Thatâs why I left those fellows dining at the chateau; they may look into everything for all I care; they wonât find Louis XVIII. nor any sign of him.â
Une Ténébreuse Affaire, 1975
Victor Prospert (Jeanneâs ârivalâ)
Taking a little break from the Saint-Merry guys to talk a little bit about another colourful figure in the aftermath of the June 1832 uprising. I already mentioned Prospert in this earlier post and talked a little bit about him but I really think you need to know more. Although Iâll be focusing on his trial mostly.
There will be translations under the cut and I promise they are worth reading.
Victor Prospert was a 33-year-old tailor (or âtailor workerâ⊠I guess maybe that means he didnât have his own shop but worked in someone elseâs?) He was born around 1800, probably in Maine-et-Loire, and abandoned by his parents at the age of three (which is also when his birth certificate was filed so thatâs why his date of birth is a bit vague). Apparently he received a few months worth of school education thanks to public charity but was mostly self-taught and proud of it.
He fought valiantly in the July Revolution and received the July medal (médaille de juillet) for it. In 1832 he lived in Paris at number 11 rue Vieille du Temple with his wife.
Thereâs no evidence of him belonging to any societies or organisations and he was very adamant about stressing his independence. He also didnât know his comrades-in-arms before the fighting had already begun.
In the June uprising he didnât actually do much except get arrested on the 5th (before he even had a chance to fight, according to his own words) so his reputation and status as a hero of 1832 is mostly thanks to his bravery in court. By which I mean basically being a huge republican troll.
He was arrested as he was trying to negotiate with a few national guards that he and two other revolutionaries ran into. Prospert suggested approaching the guards peacefully and managed to convince the other two of his plan but this backfired on them and he and his companion Laporte were captured. (The third revolutionary managed to escape.)
Prospert immediately got in trouble for openly speaking against the government right in the faces of the police officers and national guards.
He was tried in November, after the Saint-Merry trial, with Marie Laporte (who, despite his name, was a guy) and a German immigrant called Jean Schaef who was arrested by the same guards. His lawyer, btw, was Me* Caron, who was also one of the defence lawyers in the Saint-Merry trial, assuming itâs the same guy which Iâm guessing it is.
* (the Me stands for MaĂźtre (Master), which is the title for lawyers and some similar professions.)
What made Prospert notable was that he took the Jeanne approach to the trial and dialed it up to eleven. Honestly his âcrimesâ were so minor that at this point he probably would have gotten away with it, or at least gotten a much lighter sentence, if he hadnât decided to hijack the trial to use it as a republican advocacy event. Instead he got ten years in prison.
Prospertâs speech had practically nothing to do with the trial, to be honest. And itâs pretty awesome. Iâm naturally biased in favour of Jeanne and I do suspect that Jeanne might have been Prospertâs inspiration (although of course neither of them were the first to do something like this and Prospert had already been pretty wordy to the police⊠but come on, everybody was talking about Jeanne at the time.) But I have to admit that Prospert was awesome too.
Okay, on to translations!
Keep reading
From Parisian newspaper La Tribune des Départements (aka La Tribune du Mouvement), ed. Armand Marrast, written 19 June 1832, published 20 June 1832.
English translation:
ON THE SILENCE OF THE TRIBUNE
Our silence in the present circumstances has been interpreted in diverse ways. Â We should have expected thatâpraising and blaming, that is the human experience. Â Nevertheless, permit us a word of explanation.
The day after the city was placed under martial law, there was only one cry from all the oppressed newspapers: force had replaced law. Â The saber of Monsieur Soult had become the monarchyâs hand of justice. Â The most terrifying censure weighed on writers. Â All discussion became lies or madness.
We, more than the others, we were reduced to keeping silent, for our presses were under seal, our editors pursued, our manager hunted down. Â This situation still persists.
Besides which, we thoughtâand this reason was decisiveâthat silence was the most effective protest. Â We only understand the enjoyment of a right insomuch as it is exercised fully. Â What indeed is it to be reduced to developing oneâs thoughts within the tolerance of Monsieur Soult? Â Getting muddled in a polemic that is mixed-up, uncertain, without frank sense, where the questions must be approached from far up and away, in order to pass a few more or less lively critiques in place of the profound attacks that all acts of power provoke. Â And besides, to coldly discuss when the blood is still boiling, when theyâve packed up to two thousand people into the prisons, when they speak of scouring Paris, when there is neither safety nor protection for the citizens: we wouldnât have had the courage! Â Indignation is burning in our veins! Â What could we have said that would speak louder than such acts?
And in what situation do we find ourselves, then?
A ban strikes the opinions that are ours; death threatens them and, while waiting, everything both cruel and absurd that calumny can invent, it throws to the anger of heightened passions.
First it was the alliance of the carlistes and the republicans; then the plot had pillage as its aim; then the insurgents had been paid 250,000 francs.  Then they had wanted to rob the Bank, Iâm sure!  Youâd need a whole book to bring out all the idiotic or lying things that have been publishedâŠThus they stir up this victorious atmosphere in which they most often give themselves up to an exultation that is almost insane.
As for us, without our having to say it, everyone knows well what have been and what are still our sympathies. Â More than anyone, we have shuddered at the misfortunes of all: we also would like, more than anyone, the right to condemn the rashness and madness of those who, in their youth, do such a bad job of distinguishing between the friend who advises them and the provocateur who drags them into trouble and betrays them. Â Today guilt is brought out before military tribunals; the press has nothing to say when the sword is about to strike. Â Let us recall just a few truths for the future.
A successful insurrection is called a revolution: she has her flatterers, she gives out crowns.
A vanquished insurrection is called a revolt: she meets with nothing but abuses lavished upon her impotence.
Success manages to absolve everything. Â Defeat withers everything, sometimes even courage!
Those who would have been showered with praise if they had been the victors, are now nothing but brigands and wretches! Â Those whom we would have praised as heroes are transformed into criminals! Â Death and chains await them! Â History loudly shouts these reflections, which peoples forget just as much as kings do. Â It also warns those who abuse their victory of the frightful retaliation of a reprisal.
Let the government, which wanted to make haste in giving up its enemies to the special tribunals, continue its work: it digs its own grave!
Even when men are killed, principles and opinions live on. Â A nation is taken by surprise even more easily than a manâbut a nation recovers more quickly. Â Ours is on the track of a progress in which all of Europe must follow it. Â Despite all appearances, it marches on towards that progress, it will continue to march along towards it. Â The stops that we take on a long road revive our strength and assure a free pace for the long run.
Let the government rejoice! Â And us, let us shudder at the blood already shed, at the blood that perhaps we will yet shed! Â The present has only painful subjects.
But the present will not last. Â Let us believe in the reason and the good sense of our people! Â Let us believe in the future!
ARMAND MARRAST.
This is the fifth and last of a number of June 1832 newspaper articles that I used to form the core of the epilogue for Virago. Â I didnât really want to directly reiterate anything Hugo had already written about, so I opted to use real documents to show the ending of the story. Â Of course in Virago these articles were edited for repetition and length, and interpolated with details about the fictional barricade of the rue de la Chanvrerie, but here Iâm giving them to you as âstraight upâ translations of the original articles. Â ;)
But what a research story behind these photos!  Itâs always the hard ones you remember⊠ So, for anyone whoâs interested:
When I was researching for Virago, I usually didnât come up against anything insurmountable in finding the necessary research materials, thanks to the extremely wonderful library system I was very lucky to have access to during the process (thanks again, guys!).  The hardest thing I had to do was probably making PDFs of newspaper articles from microfilm (see: Le National, June 1832), and for a medievalist, thatâs, like, an every other day kind of thing.  So usually it was smooth sailingâŠUntil I hit this newspaper.
Now, I knew I was going to absolutely need this thing more than any other account of June 1832, because it was the paper edited by Armand Marrast, who figured pretty prominently as a character in the story, and I had to get his commentary on June 1832 (which he got out of jail just in time to bear witness to).  So I did what I always do when looking for a newspaper: Gallica?  Library catalog?  Microfilm catalog?  Borrow Direct?  Interlibrary loan?  No, no, no, no, and no.  The Tribune des dĂ©partements had completely vanished into the mists of time.  At last, I got on WorldCat and confirmed with one of the university librarians that yes, there were pretty much only two sets of this paper still existing anywhere in the world.  Surprise, surprise, one at the BnF (the BibliothĂšque nationale de France, aka the Unhappiest Place on Earth), and the other at the BibliothĂšque Sainte-GeneviĂšve.  The latter, also in Paris, is an infinitely less prison-like experience than the BnF, so this research would have to be done there if anywhere.  It so happened (very fortunately!) that I was already set to go to France around that time, and so I had to plan to break away from my family, go over to the BSG, apply for a library card there, go upstairs and order the book, wait for it to get delivered, pick it up at the counterâall of this in an unfamiliar building, on a tight time schedule, with pretty rusty French speaking skills, and with a good heavy dose of social anxietyâand somehow hope that I would find something worth all of this hassle and headache.
So I finally blunder through all these steps, totter over to the study tables with these huge, heavy, dusty old folios, and flip to the June 1832 issues.  AndâŠâŠnothing.  Nothing!  I started from the June 4 issue (which is a safe distance before the actual events), then to June 5, June 6, June 7, June 8, June 9, and so on.  In the newspapers I had gone through before this one, there was at least coverage of the events of the funeral and the barricades by June 7 issues at the latest, even if they didnât know many facts yet.  Not in this one.  No, just issue after issue of beating around the bush, to the point where I was starting to suspect that they were deliberately not talking about this huge thing that had just happened, that both they and I were completely aware had happened.  So when I had at last slogged through twenty days (!) of June and finally got to the headline of this article, which purported to explain the âsilence of the Tribune,â I felt almost personally vindicated, like, âYes!!  You owe me an explanation, Marrast!â
And the moment I read it, I knew it had to be the final words of Virago.  I canât really explain how it touched me, sitting in this foreign place in a state of general anxiety and then finally coming across something I was starting to lost hope of ever finding, then reading these searing words from a distance of almost two hundred years and hearing Marrastâs voice behind them.  I might have teared up a little there in the BSG reading room.  Anyone whoâs gone researching and suddenly feels like theyâve made a connection with another person across centuries, like a little spark of static electricity when your finger touches someone elseâs, that person knows what Iâm talking about.  Itâs the reason people want to study historyâitâs that living connection that drives the urge to research.  Thatâs the joy I had working on this research project, which went on to become a crucial part of Virago.  :)
Find other 1832 barricade-related newspaper selections here:
Le National, 5 June 1832 (published 6 June).
Le National, 6 June 1832 (published 7 June).
Le Journal des Débats, 6 June 1832 (published 7 June).
Le National, 8 June 1832 (published 9 June).
Find Virago here!
Thank you for this translation, and for digging up this article from the musty depths of the French library system!
As usual these 1830s newspapers make for some pretty dark reading, so let me interject a little mote of light.
Marrast is quite right to say that France marches towards progress, and that we must believe in the future.
What just five years ago you had to obtain with such difficulty and toil can now be read by anyone, for free, from anywhere in the world.
The entire archive of La Tribune can be viewed online here.
Vive la France! Â Vive lâavenir!

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Si tu me le demandais
âThe immense gleam of the whole combat which he had missed, and in which he had had no part, appeared in the brilliant glance of the transfigured drunken man.â
I did nothing but coloring the scene from Takahiro Arai senseiâs manga.
Jules-Stanislas Forthom
A common theme in the June Rebellion trials is that almost everyone tries to pretend that they were somewhere else during the insurrection, they never saw a barricade, they wouldnât recognize a barricade if they did see one, theyâre not sure which end of a gun the bullets come out of, they have no idea how their mouth became covered in gunpowder, they have no designs against the government and they love the king.  In the face of long prison sentences and the looming threat of the guillotine, very few had the courage to stand by their beliefs.
Jules-Stanislas Forthom is one of the rare exceptions. Â He claims his place among the Lesser-Known Badasses not so much for what he did during the rebellion itself as for what he said afterwards.
Jean-François-Elysée Boutin
Jean-François-ElysĂ©e Boutin enters the ranks of the Lesser-Known Badasses because heâs a black guy.
Lest the more conservative members of our fandom think this a case of affirmative action and start screaming about political correctness (I see you there, Ayn Rand), allow me to refer you to the Journal des débats:
âThe color of the accused was the most remarkable circumstance of the case judged today by the Court of Assizes.â
Yeeeeah.
In fact, the papers cannot shut up about it. Â Even the briefest articles about the case feel compelled to mention Boutinâs race, often in contexts where it has no relevance whatsoever. Â But as youâll see in a moment, it probably did have a material impact on the case. Â Indeed, it may be the whole reason why Boutin is here.
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Could they sentence people without exposition? How did that work?
Yeah, it was common in political cases.  Article 22 of the Code PĂ©nal automatically attaches exposition to any forced labor or felony imprisonment sentence, but judges could override that by issuing explicit instructions at sentencing.  Most (perhaps all?) of the sentences for the June Rebellion insurgents were given âsans expositionâ.
The official reasoning was that since the prisoner committed a political rather than a criminal offense, they didnât deserve the degradation of exposition, although it was regrettably necessary to lock them up to stop them building any more barricades.  (This was also the logic by which everyone but Boutin had their forced labor sentences commuted to imprisonment.)
There might be a slight ulterior motive here, since the whole point of exposition was to shame the criminal before their community and discourage anyone who might be inclined to follow in their footsteps, and those goals would be pretty badly undermined if the onlookers started cheering their name or took up a collection for them.  Since the government couldnât rely on the insurgents to be unpopular with a Parisian crowd, it was better to just quietly whisk them off to prison and avoid the potential embarrassment.
Jean-François-Elysée Boutin
Jean-François-ElysĂ©e Boutin enters the ranks of the Lesser-Known Badasses because heâs a black guy.
Lest the more conservative members of our fandom think this a case of affirmative action and start screaming about political correctness (I see you there, Ayn Rand), allow me to refer you to the Journal des débats:
âThe color of the accused was the most remarkable circumstance of the case judged today by the Court of Assizes.â
Yeeeeah.
In fact, the papers cannot shut up about it. Â Even the briefest articles about the case feel compelled to mention Boutinâs race, often in contexts where it has no relevance whatsoever. Â But as youâll see in a moment, it probably did have a material impact on the case. Â Indeed, it may be the whole reason why Boutin is here.

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donât forget to leave out sewage and candlesticks tonight for Victor Hugo
While weâre on the subject of Le Grelot cartoons, can we take a moment to appreciate this superb piece of Thiers fanart?