⭑Xayome⭑

“In reality, Cazcan and Aztec are nothing more than two different forms of evolution of Nahuatl through time and space. On the other hand, the fact that Cazcan had preserved until the colonial era the simplicity of its primitive syntax and some of its archaic forms is not a sign of corruption, but of conservation. No one would think of saying, for example, that Galician is an adulterated Castilian or a corrupted Romance. The word "tocho" does not identify the language in question, since "tocho" is nothing more than a nickname that says as much as it does rustic and that applies the same to the Cazcans as to other Chimalhuacan peoples who spoke a Nahuatl inferior in elegance, propriety and purity to that of the Aztec Empire. Let us call it, then, with the Cazcan word that is the proper one, the traditional one, the one that individualizes the language in question and reminds us of the bronze race that heroically defended the homeland against the Spanish invasion, made the Mixtón hill famous and immortalized its brave leader, Tenamaztli.

-J. IGNACIO DAVILA GARIBI, 224

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Cazcan & Classical Nahuatl are related languages, Caxcan is perceived as an older variant in the Caxcan Community. “The persistence in all these forms, I repeat, does not reveal corruption, but antiquity, and on the other hand, analogy with the other sister languages, which in a more or less distant past separated from the mother tongue.”

As languages change over time to reflect the land, words are expanded/reduced over time. 

Olo - Yololitli - Corazon - Heart

Necti - Necutliz - Miel - Honey 

Mizaczi - Mizatzi - Gritar - to Yell

 Zetali - Tzintlalin - Estrellas - Stars

Zecuizti - Zetl - Yelo - Ice

Zozocat - Coatl - Mellino/Serpiente - Twin/Serpent

Zahuat - Temallo - Llago - Lake

Ezat - Pipiyolin/Mimiahuatl/Tlaletzatl/Mimiahuatl - Abeja - Bee

By the 17th century, Most words in Cazcano were pluralized with -in or -me ending while Classical only pluralized people & non-breathing items when given human characteristics.

Chicahuaque - ? - Casas Fuertes - Strong Houses   

Caltin - ? - Casas - Houses

Tepechichin - Pequeños - Little Boys

Altepeme - ? - Pueblos - Villages

Tepeme -  ? - Cerros - Hills

Totlteme - ? - Huevos - Eggs

Amame -  ? -Papeles - Papers

Amoztime - ? - Libros - Books 

Tepantime - ? - Padres - Parents

Tepozme - ? - Fierros - Irons

Huetime -  ? -Offrendas - Offerings

Xayome - ? - Lágrimas - Tears

Tetaczoltame -  ? -Prendas Amadas - Loved Clothes

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Caxcan begin with a z- sound compared to the tz- sound in Classical. 

Zacat - Tzacatl - ? 

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Guttural - sounds made in the back of the throat from the middle of a word

Caxcan sometimes has guttural sounds like -ct in place of the -tl Classical

Mactacti - Matlactli - Diez - Ten

Mactacpa - Matlacpa - Diez Veces - Ten Times

Caxcan Nahual has a gutteral -c in place of an airy -h sound of Classical

Ayohtli - Ayocti - Calabaza - Squash

Ohtli - Octli - Camino - Path

Pahtli - Pacti - Medicina - Medicine

Tlahtolli - Tactoli - Trato - Deal

Tlahtoani - Tactoani - Señor - Man.

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Caxcan has the -i ending that corresponds to the -in in Classical Nahuatl.

Tecoli - Tecolin - Carbón - Coal

Tecpi - Tecpin - Pulga - Flea

Tuli - Tolin - Tule - ?

Zoyoli - Zayolin - Mosca - Fly

Zuli - Zulin - Codorniz - Quail

Tómi - Tómin - Dinero - Money

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Caxcan Nahual has a short -li sound that corresponds to the -lli of Classical.

Cali - Calli - Casa - House

Acali - Acalli - Barca - Boat

Icpali - Icpalli - sillón con respaldo - specifically a certain type of seat for persons of authority

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Honorifics in Caxcan end with -zi or -chi while it is -tzin in Classical. 

Ilamazi - ? - Ancianita - Elderly Woman

Tepechi - ? - Pequeñito - Little Boy

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 Caxcan does not have a [tl] sound cluster.

Tali - ? - Tierra - Earth

Tenextet -  ? -Piedra de Cal - Limestone

Tetazoctani -  ? -Amador - Lover

Tazocta -  ? -Amar - to Love

Tazotatactoli -  ? - palabra Afectuosa - Affectionate words

 In some placename endings, Caxcan -tan & -ta correspond with the Classical -tlan & -tla ending in places like Mezquitán, Ocotán, Xocótan, Zapotán. 

Quacta - Cuauhtla - Montana - Mountain

Nouns in Caxcan have a -ti or -i sounds that corresponds to Classical -tli sound 

Amoxti - Amoxtli - Libro - Book 

Apazti - Apaztli - Lebrillo - Basin

Mezti - Metztli - Luna - Moon

Tenexti - Tenextli - Luz -Light 

Zenti - Zentli - Mazorca de Maiz - Ear of Corn

Zipacti - Zipactli - Pez Espada - Swordfish

Tochi - Tochtli - Conejo - Rabbit

Similarly, Nouns in Caxcan have -t ending that corresponds to Classical has a -tl 

Acat - Acatl - Carrizo - Reed

Et - Etl - Frijol - Bean

Exot - Exotl - Habichuela - Green Bean

Huilot - Huilotl - Paloma - Dove

Met - Metl - Maguey 

Tet - Tetl - Piedra - Stone

👂MA XIŁACAQUICAN 👂 👇MA XIŁAPOHUACAN👇 Nimitzchicahua imeme. Quenami incate? Neł nimotoca Cuitlahuac Arreola Martinez. Nihualla Mexicali łalixtequilli, iłal Kumeyaay huan Cocopah. Noyohqui nihualla San Gabriel Valley łalixtequilli, iłal Kizh nozo Tongva. Nicpia cempohual huan małac huan chicnahui xihuił. Nitemaxtiani de Nahuałahtolme. Niłahtolcuepani de Nahuałahtolme, Inglés americano huan español mexicano. Nocolhuan huallalo de Jayamitla, Ameca, Jalisco huan El Quelite, Mazatlán, Sinaloa. Nimochantia Eugene łalixtequilli, iłal Kalapuya. Nimomaxtia Mexicano pampa łahtohque nocolhuan catca. Nicpia noyoquich, notehuepol, huan notex. Noyohqui nicpia noxochimilli Pampadios oinquicaque nołahtol. Timoittazque!

Basic Greetings in Jalisco Nahuatl (Mexicano) How to greet another person How to greet a group of people A greeting when you are parting ways

Introduction to the sounds of the Language

Guest Plática "Learning My Native Language" with Chris Cuauhtli, Jalisco Nahuatl Learner & Teacher. They are dedicated to the revitalization of the Nahuatl variants of Jalisco and more specifically the variant of Tuxpan, Jalisco, Mexico.

Author: Daisy Ocampo 

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Publication Date: 2019 

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Summary: Caxcan ways of life are at risk because the Institutional National de Anthropologia y Historia (INAH) stole our place of creation, Tlachialoyantepec. 

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Application/Evaluation: Highly recommended first reading for reconnecting Caxcan 

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Limitations: Brief overall history but great intro to Caxcan & Chemehuevi sacred relationships to their lands.

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Key Point: Indigenous cross-cultural perspectives, Creation stories, Language, Reclamation 

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Official Abstract: This dissertation is a comparative examination of the construction of memory at two indigenous sacred sites, one in the United States and the other in Mexico. This research project juxtaposes two sets of relationships: the Chemehuevi people and their ties with Mamapukaib, or the Old Woman Mountains in the East Mojave Desert, and the Caxcan people and their relationship with Tlachialoyantepec, or Cerro de las Ventanas, in Zacatecas Mexico. This dissertation outlines a personal journey, a process of making connections through indigenous decolonial methodologies, and a research project inhistories of both the Chemehuevi and Caxcan and their relationships to sacred mountains. This work emphasizes cultural engagements with performative and phenomenological insights as having historic preservation value. This comparative work (in)forms what I hope is a growing field in History: the study of Native sacred places as sites of ancestral and contemporary sovereignty. This relationship to places is critical to the sovereignty of Chemehuevi and Caxcan people. It is one of the most simplified and overlooked forms of ix community autonomy and well-being within Native History. These two tribal communities have been historically silenced, deemed too small, and irrelevant by the academe, yet this work demonstrates the need to work with small tribal communities as they are often targeted by colonial processes, many of which persist today. This work finds that future academic research, state and federal governmental policies, and land conservations need to center Indigenous preservation models as proven and sustained means of protecting sacred places for generations to come.  

// Esta disertación es un examen comparativo de la construcción de la memoria en dos sitios sagrados indígenas, uno en Estados Unidos y el otro en México. Este proyecto de investigación yuxtapone dos conjuntos de relaciones: el pueblo Chemehuevi y sus vínculos con Mamapukaib, o las Montañas de la Vieja en el desierto de Mojave Oriental, y el pueblo Caxcan y su relación con Tlachialoyantepec, o Cerro de las Ventanas, en Zacatecas, México. Esta disertación describe un viaje personal, un proceso de establecimiento de conexiones a través de metodologías descoloniales indígenas y un proyecto de investigación sobre las historias de los Chemehuevi y Caxcan y sus relaciones con las montañas sagradas. Este trabajo enfatiza los compromisos culturales con ideas performativas y fenomenológicas como si tuvieran valor de preservación histórica. Este trabajo comparativo (in)forma lo que espero sea un campo creciente en la Historia: el estudio de los lugares sagrados nativos como sitios de soberanía ancestral y contemporánea. Esta relación con los lugares es fundamental para la soberanía de los pueblos chemehuevi y caxcan. Es una de las formas más simplificadas y pasadas por alto de autonomía y bienestar comunitario dentro de la Historia Nativa. Estas dos comunidades tribales han sido históricamente silenciadas, consideradas demasiado pequeñas e irrelevantes por la academia; sin embargo, este trabajo demuestra la necesidad de trabajar con pequeñas comunidades tribales, ya que a menudo son blanco de procesos coloniales, muchos de los cuales persisten hoy. Este trabajo encuentra que la investigación académica futura, las políticas gubernamentales estatales y federales y la conservación de la tierra deben centrar los modelos de preservación indígena como medios probados y sostenidos de proteger lugares sagrados para las generaciones venideras. 

Journal/Periodical Name: UC Riverside 

Language: English 

Genre: PHD Dissertation 

Start Page/Time: 1 

End Page/Time: 267 

Reading time: 4 hours  

Communities: Caxcan, Cazcan, Caxcanes, Cazcanes, Caz’ ahmo 

Author: Muria Rouret, Jose Maria (Prologuist), Chavez Cervantes, Jose de Jesus (Editorial Coordinator), Narvaez Martinez, Maria Veronica (Compiler), Grymes de Icaza,, John Allan (Literary Editor), Capetillo Perez, Maria del Socorro (Literary Editor), Arechiga Del Toro, Oscar Ascary (Designer)

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Publication Date: 2022

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Summary: Tenamaztle presents his case to the Spanish Royal Court, proving he was lord over his lands when Guzmán conducted his troops in a manner that violates the laws of nature and the Caxcan.

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Application/Evaluation: Comprehensive history of the Mixton War & Tenamaztle’s experiences.

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Limitations: Painful memory of colonial history & no mention of the Caxcan People today

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Key Point: Indigenous Rights, Sovereignty, Colonial Trauma, World View

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Official Abstract: Francisco Tenamaztle has been recognized for different institutions and academic personnel as a pioneer in defense of human rights, so this essay proposes to do a review of the facts that involve this hunting leader and reflect on why he should be considered defender of human dignity. For this, a count will be made history of the actions and decisions made by Francisco Tenamaztle; the definition of rights defender will be studied human rights proposed by the United Nations (UN); An analysis will be made of how this concept evolved throughout history, especially from the point of view from the point of view of the defense of the rights of indigenous peoples; and finally, it will be determined why it is a precursor of defense of human rights.// Francisco Tenamaztle ha sido reconocido por distintas instituciones y personal académico como pionero en la defensa de los derechos humanos, por lo que este ensayo propone hacer una revisión de los hechos que involucran a este líder cazcán y reflexionar el por qué se le debe considerar defensor de la dignidad humana. Para ello, se hará un recuento histórico de las acciones y decisiones que realizó Francisco Tenamaztle; se estudiará la definición de defensor de derechos humanos propuesta por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU); se hará un análisis de cómo fue evolucionando este concepto a lo largo de la Historia, especialmente desde el punto de vista de la defensa de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas; y finalmente, se determinará por qué es un precursor de la defensa de los derechos humanos.

Journal/Periodical Name: Comisión Estatal de Derechos Humanos Jalisco, Instituto de Derechos Humanos Francisco Tenamaxtli.

Language: Spanish

Genre: Biography Book

Start Page/Time: 1

End Page/Time: 124

Reading level: Graduate level

Reading time: 4 hours

Communities: Caxcan, Cazcan, Caxcanes, Cazcanes, Caz’ ahmo

Algunas Observaciones Acera de Estas Tribus y su Idioma by J. Ignacio Davila Garibi 

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Connections of Caxcan with Tlachialoyantepec and Chemehuevi with Mamapukaib by Daisy Ocampo

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Author: Flor Vanessa Rubio Ríos

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Publication Date: 2020

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Summary: Overview of Mendoza’s personal, writing & political career.

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Application/Evaluation: Highlights the value and impact Mendoza had on the revolution & Education in Mexico.

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Limitations: Touches on many themes but does not go into detail.

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Key Point: Beginning of Mexican Education, Indigenous rights, Women lead collective action.

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Official Abstract: The aim of this essay is to study the figure of Juana Belen Gutierrez de Mendoza through some specific episodes of her life, to see how liberal ideology affected the shaping of her identity. Gutierrez de Mendoza had to confront socio-economic and political contexts in order to protect and strengthen the credibility of her work and her role as a woman in public activity. That is how throughout her life she is inserted into various political groups, and we see her transit from magonist liberalism, to logging, to coincide with Emiliano Zapata’s agrarian thinking. This essay shows how she did an intense political work in each of these groups. //

Este ensayo tiene como objetivo estudiar la figura de Juana Belén Gutiérrez de Mendoza, a través de algunos episodios concretos de su vida, para discernir la forma en que la ideología liberal afectó la conformación de su identidad. Gutiérrez de Mendoza tuvo que enfrentarse a los contextos socioeconómicos y políticos para así proteger y reforzar la credibilidad de su obra y su papel de mujer en la actividad pública, es así como a lo largo de su vida se inserta en varios grupos políticos y vemos su transitar del liberalismo magonista, al maderismo, hasta coincidir con el pensamiento agrario de Emiliano Zapata”

Journal/Periodical Name: Revista Cientifica de la univercidad Michoacan University of San Nicolas de Hidalgo

Volume: 79 Ciencia Nicolaita

Language: Spanish

Genre: Biography; Online Journal 

Start Page/Time: 1

End Page/Time: 30

Reading level: College Graduate

Reading time: 42 mins

Communities: Caxcan, Cazcan, Caxcanes, Cazcanes, Caz’ ahmo

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Author: J. Ignacio Davila Garibi 

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Publication Date: 1940 

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Summary: Linguistic research on the origin & movement of the Caxcan people and language 

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Application/Evaluation: language comparison of Nahua languages, focusing on Caxcan, Tocho, & Mexica. 

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Limitations: Outdate archeological theories with no Indigenous voices included. 

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Key Point: Theories on Nahua language development, theories on how the Caxcan are related to the Tocho & Mexica. 

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Journal/Periodical Name: REVISTA MEXICANA DB ESTUDIOS ANTROPOLOGICOS 

Volume: SOBRETIRO DEL TOMO 1V, NUM. 3 

Language: Spanish 

Genre: Anthropological Study 

Start Page/Time: 203 

End Page/Time: 224 

Reading level: original source material audience 

Reading time: 30 mins 

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Communities: Caxcan, Cazcan, Caxcanes, Cazcanes, Caz’ ahmo, Tochos, Tecuexes, Nahuachichimecas, Chichimeca, Mexicano, Aztec 

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Author: Andrew Roth-Seneff, Robert V. Kemper, Julie Adkins, Laurie Weinstein Series Editor

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Publication Date: 2015 

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Summary: Overall history of the Western Indigenous Mexicans, extending from archeologist theories, impact of colonization, to contemporary Indigenous Resilience. 

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Application/Evaluation: Language speakers & population surveys. Indigenous Government & knowledge systems 

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Limitations: Scientific view with lack of Indigenous voices leading the research. 

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Key Point: Interdisciplinary, Western Mexico Anthropological History 

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Official Summery: “Although From  Tribute  to  Communal  Sovereignty  clearly  is  not inclusive  of  all  indigenous  groups,  nor  a  comprehensive  analysis  of  all  those  historical processes, nonetheless the authors provide a series of impressive studies that highlight the  dynamic  interactions  of  the  region’s  indigenous  populations. Divided  into  four parts, the first of the collection consists of some background information and a general discussion  of  the  main  theoretical  debates  included  in  the  work.  The next  three  parts address  the  historical  context  in  the  prehispanic  period,  the  impact  of  conquest  and consolidation  of  the  Spanish  colonial  system,  and  recent  case  studies  that  show  the persistence  of  indigenous  cultural  systems  in  an  interconnected  global  context.” 

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Journal/Periodical Name: American Indian Culture and Research Journal

Volume: 40(1) 

Language: English 

Genre: Anthology 

Start Page/Time: 1 

End Page/Time: 272 

Reading level: College Graduate 

Reading time: 6hrs 30mins 

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Communities: Purhépecha, Trans Tarascan Nahua, Huichol, Wixarika, Cora, Tepehuan, Caxcan Caxcans, Cazcan, Cazcans, Caxcanes, Cazcanes, Caz’ ahmo  

Author: Juana B.G. De Menzoza, Council of the Caxcan 

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Publication Date: 1924 

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Summary: The text documents the creation story & experiences of the Caxcan through the eyes of a Caxcan Revolutionay from Durango meeting with elders from Juchipila.  

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Application/Evaluation: Ancestral Oral History & Caxcan Language 

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Limitations: Indigenous affination of author is often questioned 

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Key Point: Identities, Creation Stories, Sovereignty 

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Library of Congress: “Juana Belén Gutiérrez, born in Durango, wrote radical feminist literature against Catholicism, political corruption, and social injustices during the Porfiriato. Díaz had her imprisoned frequently, but she continued to broadcast her beliefs concerning the illegitimacy of political leaders and parties. She came to have little hope that the Revolution would bring change, especially once Carranza assassinated Zapata, whom she considered Mexico’s only real leader, in 1919. Gutiérrez believed strongly in democracy and faulted Mexicans for not insisting on their rights. She fought for people to vote and overthrow the oligarchy of military men in favor of civil servants.”  

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Journal/Periodical Name: Vesper 

Volume: 3 

Language: Spanish 

Genre: Book 

Start Page/Time: 5 

End Page/Time: 101 

Reading level: College Graduate 

Reading time: 1hr 30 mins 

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Communities: Caxcan, Cazcan, Caxcanes, Cazcanes, Caz’ ahmo 

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Author: José Rabasa 

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Publication Date: 2011 

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Summary: Interesting analysis of the Codex’s, author searches for Indigenous perspective embedded in the paintings/drawings rather than the Spanish text. 

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Application/Evaluation: Artistic, linguistic, and philosophical analysis of Codex's 

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Limitations: Only relies on research with little involvement from Nahua Peoples 

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Key Point: hybrid verbal and pictorial texts, western vs Indigenous perspectives 

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Official Abstract: Codex Telleriano-Remensis was created in the sixteenth century under the supervision of Spanish missionaries in Central Mexico. As an artifact of seismic cultural and political shifts, the manuscript painting is a singular document of Indigenous response to Spanish conquest. Examining the ways in which the folio’s tlacuilo (Indigenous painter/writer) creates a pictorial vocabulary, this book embraces the place “outside” history from rich this rich document emergedApplying contemporary intellectual perspectives, including aspects of gender, modernity, nation, and visual representation itself, José Rabasa reveals new perspectives on colonial order. Folio 46r becomes a metaphor for reading the totality of the codex and for reflecting on the postcolonial theoretical issues now brought to bear on the past. Ambitious and innovative (such as the invention of the concepts of elsewhere and ethnosuicide, and the emphasis on intution), Tell Me the Story of Howl Conquered You embraces the performative force of the Native scribe while acknowledging the ineffable traits of 46r-traits that remain untenably foreign to the modern excavator/scholar. Posing provocative questions about the unspoken dialogues between evangelizing friars and their spiritual conquests, this book offers a theoretic-political experiment on the possibility of learning from the tlacuilo ways of seeing the world that dislocate the predominance of the West. // El Códice Telleriano-Remensis fue creado en el siglo XVI bajo la supervisión de misioneros españoles en el centro de México. Como artefacto de cambios culturales y políticos sísmicos, la pintura manuscrita es un documento singular de la respuesta indígena a la conquista española. Al examinar las formas en que el tlacuilo (pintor/escritor indígena) del folio crea un vocabulario pictórico, este libro abarca el lugar “fuera” de la historia desde donde surgió este rico documento. Aplicando perspectivas intelectuales contemporáneas, incluidos aspectos de género, modernidad, nación y representación visual misma, José Rabasa revela nuevas perspectivas sobre el orden colonial. Folio 46r se convierte en una metáfora de la lectura de la totalidad del códice y de la reflexión sobre las cuestiones teóricas poscoloniales que ahora afectan al pasado. Ambicioso e innovador (como la invención de los conceptos de otro lugar y etnosuicidio, y el énfasis en la intuición), Cuéntame la historia de Howl Conquered You abraza la fuerza performativa del escriba nativo al tiempo que reconoce los rasgos inefables de los rasgos 46r que siguen siendo insosteniblemente extraños para el excavador/erudito moderno. Al plantear preguntas provocativas sobre los diálogos tácitos entre los frailes evangelizadores y sus conquistas espirituales, este libro ofrece un experimento teórico-político sobre la posibilidad de aprender de las formas tlacuilo de ver el mundo que dislocan el predominio de Occidente. 

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Journal/Periodical Name: University of Texas Press 

Language: English 

Genre: Historical Book 

Start Page/Time: 1 

End Page/Time: 264 

Reading level: College Graduate 

Reading time: 6 hrs 30 mins 

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Communities: Nahua, Méxica, Triple Alliance, Aztec, Caxcan, Cazcan, Caxcanes, Cazcanes, Caz’ ahmo 

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