how disorganised speech can look like?
It depends! I'm assuming you're asking about disorganized speech in schizospec conditions, so that's how I will be answering.
Do note that some of these characteristics can also occur in aphasia and neurodevelopmental disabilities! (Example: Word approximations and word exchange often happens in multiple forms of aphasia, echolalia/palilalia often happens in autism, derailment often happens in ADHD, etc.)
And also note that many people experience an occasional "brain loading" moment, and may fumble, swap words, or forget the name of words. It's only when these things happen for longer than a few seconds/minutes, or happen very frequently that they become a cause of suspicion for potential schizospec conditions.
There are multiple forms of disorganized speech, which can exist separately or occur together.
Some examples of disorganized speech include the following:
1- Word Salad: A "random" mashing of words together, that don't really mean anything to the other people listening. Example: "Why, the ice cream shop is splendid, haven't you heard the TV splash in the hallway downtown? Up the clock, sky below this morning!"
2- Word approximations: Using unconventional terms to describe something. For example, calling winter gloves "fuzzy fabric hand protectors" instead of mittens, or calling a portrait "paint strokes in the shape of a person."
3- Word exchange: Using the wrong word instead of the one intended. This could be an "absurd exchange" or "logical exchange." For example, saying "maple" instead of "fridge (ie; "what do we have in the maple?"), or saying "paws" instead of "cat." (ie; "The paws meowed so loud that he woke me up.")
4- Derailment: Jumping from one topic to a seemingly unrelated one. Example: "I love amusement parks. Did you know tomatoes are a fruit?"
5- Paralogism: Conclusions that seem nonsensical/unrelated. Example: "I saw a firefly last night, so I have to eat clam chowder tomorrow."
6- Neologism: Using a newly coined word/phrase and throwing it into conversations with expectation of others to understand it. Example: "This dish uses a lot of hickhaz" (meaning to the person "this dish is very filling", but nobody else was informed of this new phrase, and the person may become confused or frustrated that others aren't aware of the term.)
7- Echolalia: Repeating words/sounds that other people make. Example: Person A says "How are you today?" and person B repeats either the entire phrase, or just part of it ("You today.")
8- Palilalia: Repeating ones own words/sounds. Example: Saying "I am hungry", and then repeating it subconsciously, either fully ("I am hungry! ...I am hungry.") or shortened. (Ie: "I am hungry! ...Am hungry...hungry...")
Echolalia and palilalia in of themselves are not considered disorganized speech, however it (1) sometimes occurs in tandem with previously listed types of disorganized speech, (2) sometimes occurs during catatonic states, and/or (3) sometimes occurs alongside hallucinations/delusions/paranoia.
Other traits of disorganized speech may include losing track of where the conversation was going/forgetting the point of the conversation, unusual pronunciation of words, rapid speech, slow speech, or random pauses.
