Whitewash is extremely moral. Suppose there were a decree requiring all rooms in Paris to be given a coat of whitewash. I maintain that that would be a police task of real stature and a manifestation of high morality, the sign of a great people. β Le Corbusier
A shocking call for compulsory whitening is made at the end of a key modernist manifesto. The pronouncement is associated with the signature whiteness of modern architecture β an aesthetic regime that was presented as a complete revolution of the built environment in the 1920s and became the unconscious default setting of everyday life. Just look at the predominantly white background of most of the kitchens, offices, living rooms, bedrooms and bathrooms around the world [β¦]. Le Corbusier didnβt simply call for whitewash to be imposed by the police in the name of health. It was meant to act as a form of policing in its own right, a technology of surveillance that would put in motion an ever-expanding culture of self-policing. Whitewash exposes every dimension of life in front of it to judgement. It acts like βa court of assize in permanent sessionβ that will βgive a power of judgement to the individual,β and thereby βmake each one of us a prudent judge.β [β¦] A βLaw of Ripolinβ β the brand name of the hard impermeable and washable enamel βsanitary paintβ invented at the end of the nineteenth century [β¦] is needed to ensure that all interiors are painted white to target any form of dirt or darkness:
Imagine the results of the Law of Ripolin. Every citizen is required to replace his hangings, his damasks, his wall-papers, his stencils, with a plain coat of white ripolin. His home is made clean. There are no more dirty, dark corners. Everything is shown as it is. Then comes inner cleanness [β¦]. When you are surrounded with shadows and dark corners you are at home only as far as the hazy edges of the darkness your eyes cannot penetrate. You are not master in your own house. Once you have put ripolin on your walls you will be master of yourself. [β¦]
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Whiteness manufactures health, morality, and intelligence. [β¦] The office of a modern factory that is βclear and rectilinear and painted with white ripolinβ is a place of βhealthy activityβ and βindustrious optimism.β [β¦] Le Corbusierβs routinely authoritarian and often explicitly eugenic and fascist impulses, associations, and actions make him an easy target. But there are endless, quieter, ultimately more controlling and insidious celebrations of whiteness in other hands. Le Corbusier is but a tip of the vast iceberg of whiteness. [β¦]
The very idea of an interior is the effect of this everyday violence. Architecture is never simply complicit with authority. Authority without architecture might not even be thinkable. [β¦]
There is no apolitical concept of health; no natural body or brain waiting to be cared for or abandoned by medicine and architecture that is not already an effect of those biopolitical regimes.
It is through the question of sickness that architecture reshapes the human. The idea of a healthy architecture is always about the health of a small group relative to multiple others [β¦]. Whiteness is coded as a fragility requiring protection through continual acts of preemptive violence. Whiteness is not a thing but a defense and deployment of power over others. [β¦]
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Whiteness in Le Corbusierβs The Decorative Art of Today, for example, is simultaneously the most modern thing to do, the very symptom of modernity, and the most ancient of gestures. [β¦] Le Corbusierβs argument was first published in a late 1923 issue of LβEsprit Nouveau [β¦]. It was, after all, the extended βVoyage dβOrientβ of 1911 (including the Balkans and Greece, but especially Turkey) where Charles-Γdouard Jeanneret, the young architect from a small mountain town in Switzerland who would a decade later rename himself βLe Corbusier,β became βbesotted with whiteβ and convinced that the future of architecture was white. Whiteness is discovered in the lands of the non-white; of those seen to be closer to deeper human history and therefore to be admired and learned from. In fact, the very point of going to the East was to encounter its βgreat white wallsβ as an antidote to the self-absorbed decadence of architecture in the North, as Jeanneret explained [β¦]. Jeanneret expresses nostalgia for the more intact and mesmerizing whiteness of the great mosques and vernacular houses of Constantinople (Istanbul) [β¦] [and] βAlgiers-the-white.β [β¦] This pervasive sense of contamination provoked the call for a second, more explicit law to impose whiteness not only onto industrial culture, but also onto its victims: the people of color and places seen as newly βunhealthyβ β requiring, as it were, a dose of βtheirβ own medicine. [β¦]
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The βwhiteβ architecture of the 1920s drew on countless experiments in whitening buildings in the name of health. This included, precisely, the use of Ripolin that had already become standard in clinics, hospital wards, and sanatoria rooms at the turn of the century.
In 1899, for example, the Touring-Club de France, inspired by one of its [β¦] cyclist members who was a doctor, started a campaign for an easily disinfected βhygienic roomβ in hotels that would be Ripolin-lined [β¦]. Hotel rooms were treated as hotspots for contagion [β¦]. Given the largely upper-middle-class membership of the club, this anxiety about disease was also class anxiety, fear of the unclean other. The tourist was to be mobile yet isolated by a prophylactic whiteness that would itself travel in advance.
The Touring-Club exhibited such a prototype βwhite roomβ with toilette and toilet spaces designed by Gustave Rives at the 1900 Exposition Universelle in Paris β strategically placed just inside the entrance of the Palais de lβhygiΓ¨ne [β¦]. The Touring-Club installed a series of such model chambres hygiΓ©niques in automobile shows, congresses on tuberculosis, and international fairs. It was successful in persuading thousands of hotels to install such spaces [β¦].
Ripolin was used βeverywhere,β for example, on the walls of the βhygienic housingβ project for workers in Paris by Henri Sauvage and Charles Sarazin in 1903β1904. [β¦] The project was originally intended to feature a radical all-glass street faΓ§ade with every window surrounded by webs of floor-to-ceiling hexagonal glass blocks [β¦] which would have been the most polemical housing structure possible, the most therapeutic role of glass, more extreme even than any sanatorium. The design was produced in immediate response to the new public health law of 1902 and the associated new building regulations. [β¦]
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It is always about control of the threatening other of epidemic disease and control of the laboring poor, itself coded as dark, migrant, and contagious, a disease in its own right. And throughout this discourse of control, there is a seemingly βmodernβ disdain for disease-incubating ornament in favor of smooth white surfaces. [β¦] What is remarkable in the end is this trans-historical resilience of whiteness [β¦]. It orchestrates life and death.
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All text above by: Mark Wigley. βChronic Whiteness.β e-flux (Sick Architecture series). November 2020. [Bold emphasis and some paragraph breaks/contractions added by me.]
