It's all connected.

Illustrations par Art of the Cell :

Acétylcholinestérase

Apoptosome

Bacteriorhodopsine

ADN

Parvovirus

PaV (Pariacoto Virus)

Dé-enroulage de l’ADN

ARN de transfère

Système CRISPR - Cas9

Sphères de Voronoi

Chalcophanite, Cryptomelane

ZnMn4+3O7·3H2O, K(Mn4+7Mn3+)O16

Locality:

Herdade dos Pendões Mine, São Luís, Odemira, Beja District, Portugal

Field of View: 1.4 mm

Group of iridescent chalcophanite crystals (unusual for the species), with very small cryptomelane spheres. 

Preparation of an acid chloride from the corresponding carboxylic acid and some thionyl chloride.

SOCl2 + RCO2H → RC(O)Cl + SO2 + HCl

The recipe is easy. Get a flask, a reflux condenser and a dropping funnel, weight out the acid into the flask, a few drops of N,N-dimethylformamide to catalyze the reaction and add slowly a slight excess, usually 1,2 molar equivalents of thionyl chloride. Heat and stir until no more gas evolves and distill what’s left in the flask to obtain a pure product. Yield: +99%.

However care should be taken, since highly toxic hydrogen chloride and sulfur dioxide is evolved from the reaction (as seen of the gif). The chlorinating agent what’s used, thionyl chloride and the product is toxic and will react violently with water to produce toxic gases.

The N,N-dimethylformamide catalyzes the reaction according to the following scheme: