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to effectively become part of the environment, computers have to be sensitive to where they are located, who is using them and similar issues related to context
Want, R, Schilit, B, Adams, A, Gold, R, Petersen, K, Goldberg, D, Ellis, J. & Weiser, M. (1995). The ParcTab Ubiquitous Computing Experiment. Technical Report CSL-95-1, Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, March 1995.
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A great book that positions the historical issues with digital experiences and the need for alternative strategies in the way we design the interactions between technologies and people.
Choices not Questions
In his book, About Face, 2014, Alan Cooper states that good digital interaction design should provide choices rather than ask questions. In screen based interactions this premise is easily imaginable because the majority of our interactions with screen based systems are logic base and task orientated. How does this approach relate to our interactions with electronic products?
Locke 1694
All ideas come from sensation or reflection. Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters, without any ideas:— How comes it to be furnished? .... Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge?
To this I answer, in one word, from EXPERIENCE.
evidence for innateness doesn’t mean that no (subsequent) learning takes place, it just means that whatever learning there is takes place against a background of some machinery that precedes learning; evidence for prewiring doesn’t speak against rewiring, but nor does evidence for (later) rewiring speak against evidence for prewiring.
Gary Marcus, 2018
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Alternative parameters for assessment of an artificial intelligence’s level of agency when compared to human level:
The object recognition capabilities of a two year old.
The language understanding capabilities of a four year old.
The manual dexterity of a six year old.
The social understanding of an eight year old.
Rodney Brooks, 2018
“Currently all AI systems operate within some sort of structure, but it is not the structure of something with ongoing existence. They operate as transactional programs that people run when they want something.” - Brooks, 2018.
It’s reassuring to read that one of the principle investigations in my research is a shared interest of one of the leading researchers in the field. The process through which current commercial AI presents itself as possessing human level intelligence is through responsive interaction with humans. However, for a being to be deemed truly intelligent it should possess agency. This means it should be capable of acting, not only reacting.
in BBR [Behavior Based Robotic], one may define intelligent behavior as the ability to survive, and to strive to reach other goals, in an unstructured environment. This definition is more in tune with the fact that most biological organisms are capable of highly intelligent behavior in the environment for which they have been designed, even though they may fail quite badly in novel environments
M. Wahde, 2007
Complimentary research relating to my doctoral studies occurs through my work as a practising designer and my work as a design lecturer.
This workshop delivered to Digital Media students at the Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, 2017, explored our interactions with everyday products and how these relationships may transform in the future.
SKiN, 2017, investigates the connections between the visual interactions we have through our device screens and the tangible interaction we have with the device we are holding. Drawing on Apparent Behaviour Theory, Heider and Simmel 1944, the experiment considers if the persona attribution that humans afford non-living objects through observed behaviour could also exist through tactile interaction.
A multi-textured skin was to apply to mobile devices. Then various visual content was on the screen of the device. Participants were asked to reflect upon the connection between specific haptic texture and emotional response to visual content. The results sought to determine if humans do associate non-visual sensory data to emotional behaviour.
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Curation as it pertains to gallery and fine art may provide opportunity to explore the peripheral factors incumbent to a designed interactive experience.
self
The curation of the space in which an interaction occurs bares great significance on the interpretation of the interaction. Situationalism [the situation of an object/person in a space/place in relation to other entities in the space/place] is a critical determining factor in an designed experience.
self
How can the material behaviours of personal electronic devices make our relationships with them more meaningful?
working title
Familiarity & Chance
The interactions between humans and machine, be it robot, laptop, website, or blender, presents an opportunity to create wonder and nostalgia. The area in which these moments are encapsulated are a blend between psychology and computer science. Not only are these interactions premeditated chance events, intended to lure the user into a sense of empowerment or agency. They are also examinations of the users ability to master the machine. If the system is presented as too strange or unfamiliar users can be feel distanced. In a square dance we perform whatever steps the caller announces because the repertoire of possible movements and the rules of combination are known to both parties before the music starts. (Murray, 2000, pp. 127). Participatory immersion leads to user agency but the potential for this to occur is greatly increased when users already know vaguely, or well, the required moves to perform.
Hamlet on the Holodeck, Janet Murray, 2000
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How should behaviourism be incorporated into the design of personal electronic devices so to make our interactions with them more meaningful?
working title
What do I mean by...
There are various perpetual terms appearing my research that are open to interpretation. Currently, I am critical of the terms Meaningful and Agency. What do I mean by a meaningful interaction? What is meaningful to one may not be meaningful to another. I think my use of this term stems from the move away from utility device interactions. When domestic use products first appeared on the market they were intended to facilitate our daily lives by performing mundane, time consuming tasks such as washing clothes, dishes, cooking food. Nowadays to role of our domestic technologies is beyond utility. We spend so much time with these objects that we form personal relationships with them. A meaningful interaction is therefore not one that completes a task but one that provides some emotional benefit to us humans. Agency in objects in a well discussed matter. My initial interpretations of agency inferred that an object with agency is capable of existing actively. The object with agency can think & do. This however is not so accurate. In my reading on the subject of Umwelt I have gained an understanding that agency is present in all physical things. Anything that occupies physical space is agent. Even if the thing in question is inanimate it still influences the way other things move around it there for acts upon the world. In my research I believe I need to acknowledge agency but it is not pivotal to my investigation.