#thomaswolsey

Ana Bolena

Ana Bolena (aprox. 1501-1536) fue la segunda esposa de Enrique VIII de Inglaterra (que reinó de 1509 a 1547). Ana, a veces conocida como «Ana de los Mil Días» en referencia a su corto reinado como reina, fue acusada de adulterio y ejecutada en la Torre de Londres en mayo de 1536.

Thomas Cranmer

Thomas Cranmer fut le premier archevêque protestant de Canterbury de 1533 à 1555 et l'un des principaux architectes de la Réforme anglaise sous les règnes d'Henri VIII d'Angleterre (r. de 1509 à 1547) et d'Édouard VI d'Angleterre (r. de 1547 à 1553). Cranmer supervisa des réformes telles que la célébration des offices en anglais plutôt qu'en latin, le retrait des autels et de l'iconographie des églises et la fermeture des monastères. L'archevêque rédigea également et introduisit un nouveau et influent Livre de la prière commune. Lorsque la catholique Marie Ire d'Angleterre (r. de 1553 à 1558) supprima la Réforme et restaura le catholicisme, Cranmer fut l'une de ses principales victimes et fut brûlé sur le bûcher à Oxford en 1556.

THOMAS WOLSEY

c. March 1473 - 29 November 1530

Cardinal and Chancellor of England during the reign of Henry VIII

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey was the son of a butcher and it is believed his father died at the Battle of Bosworth. In 1498, Wolsey was ordained a priest and lived in Oxford. In 1502 he became a chaplain to Henry Deane, Archbishop of Canterbury who died in 1503 and Wolsey became executor of his estate.

            In 1507, Wolsey worked for King Henry VII and went on to work for his son, King Henry VIII. Henry VIII was young and had little interest in governing in the early period of his rule so Wolsey became his trusted administrator. The king heavily relied on him for dealing with all matters of state. Under Henry VIII and the Roman Catholic Church, Wolsey became extremely wealthy and built his home, Hampton Court Palace.

            King Henry VIII’s marriage with Catherine of Aragon only produced one surviving child, a daughter, and Catherine wasn’t likely to produce any more surviving children. Henry wanted a male heir and fell in love with his wife’s maid-of-honor Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII wanted a way out of his marriage with Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn and have a male heir with her. Henry VIII relied on Wolsey to get him a divorce from Catherine which was no easy task. Catherine of Aragon’s nephew was Charles V who pressured the Pope not to annul Henry’s marriage to his aunt. Pope Clement VII delayed the decision believing Henry VIII will soon get bored of Anne. The longer Henry and Anne had to wait the more frustrated and desperate they become. Henry questioned Wolsey’s loyalty.

            Wolsey had many enemies at court who wanted to bring him down. Wolsey was arrested for treason in 1529 and was stripped of his duties and property. He was in Yorkshire when he was ordered to go return to London. On the journey to London, he fell gravely ill and died at Leicester on 29 November 1530, aged 57.

Thomas Wolsey was an English statesman and Catholic cardinal. When Henry VIII became King of England in 1509, Wolsey became the king's almoner. Wolsey's affairs prospered and by 1514 he had become the controlling figure in virtually all matters of state. He also held important ecclesiastical appointments.

Born: March 1473, Ipswich, England

Died: 29 November 1530 (age 57 years), Leicester, England

Scholar and Educator: Before his political career, Wolsey was deeply involved in academia. He was educated at Magdalen College, Oxford, and became a fellow there. He later served as the Master of Magdalen College School, showcasing his commitment to education and scholarship.

Architectural Visionary: Wolsey was a significant patron of architecture and the arts. He initiated the construction of several grand buildings, including the expansion of Hampton Court Palace. His vision for Hampton Court was so grand that it rivalled the King’s own palaces, which eventually led to his downfall as it aroused Henry VIII’s jealousy.

Religious Reformer: Wolsey attempted to reform the English Church well before the more famous actions of Henry VIII. He sought to reduce the number of religious houses and aimed to improve the education of the clergy, recognizing the need for a more effective and moral church structure.

Papal Ambitions: Wolsey harboured ambitions to become Pope. During his tenure as a cardinal, he engaged in diplomatic efforts and manoeuvrings to secure support for his papal candidacy. His ambitions, however, were never realized, partly due to the complex politics of the Vatican and his eventual fall from grace in England.

Thomas Cromwell

Thomas Cromwell (en torno a 1485-1540) sirvió como primer ministro de Enrique VIII de Inglaterra (que reinó de 1509-1547 d.C.) desde 1532 a 1540. Junto al rey y al arzobispo de Canterbury Thomas Crammer (en el cargo de 1533-1555), Cromwell encabezó la Reforma inglesa que provocó que la Iglesia anglicana rompiera con el papa en Roma, así como importantes actos como la Ley de Disolución de los Monasterios. Se ganó el favor del rey al conseguir la anulación de su primer matrimonio y también se le acredita la restructuración de las finanzas y el progreso de las instituciones gubernamentales de Inglaterra. Culpado por concertar el desastroso matrimonio del rey con Ana de Cléveris (1519-1557) unido a los poderosos enemigos que tenía en la corte, Cromwell fue acusado y ejecutado sin juicio por traición y herejía en julio de 1540.

Thomas Cromwell

Thomas Cromwell (c. 1485-1540) fut le principal ministre d'Henri VIII d'Angleterre (r. de 1509 à 1547) de 1532 à 1540. Avec son roi et l'archevêque de Canterbury Thomas Cranmer (en fonction de 1533 à 1555), Cromwell fut le maître d'œuvre de la Réforme anglaise, qui vit l'Église d'Angleterre se détacher du pape de Rome et qui donna lieu à des actes aussi importants que la dissolution des monastères. Il s'attira les faveurs du roi pour son rôle dans l'annulation du premier mariage d'Henri, il fut également reconnu pour avoir restructuré les finances de l'Angleterre et développa les institutions du gouvernement. Il avait cependant de puissants ennemis à la cour et il fut accusé d'avoir arrangé un mariage inapproprié pour son roi avec Anne de Clèves (1519-1557); Cromwell fut arrêté pour trahison et hérésie et fut exécuté sans procès en juillet 1540.

Las seis esposas de Enrique VIII

En su búsqueda por asegurar la continuación del linaje Tudor, Enrique VIII de Inglaterra (que reinó de 1509 a 1547) se casó seis veces. Algunos matrimonios fueron fruto de la pasión, mientras que otros se concertaron por motivos políticos. Un divorcio provocó la ruptura de la Iglesia de Inglaterra con Roma, dos esposas fueron encarceladas y ejecutadas en la Torre de Londres, y solo dos sobrevivieron a Enrique. Sin embargo, a pesar de todo el alboroto y el esfuerzo, solo la tercera esposa de Enrique, Juana Seymour, dio a luz a un niño bastante sano. Aquí están las historias de las seis mujeres que se convirtieron en reinas de Enrique.