In the Religion dataset, I used historical religious texts and segmented them into sentences for semantic analysis. Each sentence was mapped onto Huizinga’s play categories.

In the War dataset, I collected war-related news videos and used BLIP to convert visual content into textual descriptions. These descriptions were then mapped onto Huizinga’s play categories.

Huizinga argues that ancient warfare possessed strong play-like qualities—competition, rules, and honor—while modern warfare represents a “degeneration of play.” In the results, “Contest / Agon” and “Spatial Separation” emerge as dominant categories.