I don't think people talk enough about Odysseus's reaction when he first heard the news that Calypso finally lets him go! 😭😭😭
(and no, not referring to his words to tell her "HELL no! Not unless you swear to me that you have nothing in store for me!)
so she spoke, and much tormented, divine Odysseus shivered
(Translation by me)
My boy...😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭like the first reaction was that he literally shivered/shuddered (ῥίγησεν). That reaction gets me every moment! Not gonna lie! It was an immediate, almost completely instinctual reaction of his body, upon hearing the news! And Homer managed to convey literally every single emotion the poor man could feel in a blink of an eye with just one verb!
Disbelief that after almost ten years of imprisonment to Calypso's isle and after years of abuse he cannot believe that she suddenly decided to let him go about his way
Relief that after so long he is finally able to go about his way.
Happiness that maybe, just maybe he has a chance, that the curse Polyphemus placed upon him was that he would finally return home to his loved ones instead of the dreadful scenario of him never seeing his home again
Fear that Calypso has a trap set for him or of the unknown that waits for him
Like...so many different emotions hiding within that simple non-verbal reaction! His shudder!
I do not think that people talk about that enough! Not to mention that it is combined with the epithet πολύτλας "man of many torments" or "much tormented". All his torments...everything he has been through is simply summarized by that simple instinctual reaction! 😭😭😭which also seems to be in contrast when Calypso herself shudders upon hearing the news that the gods decided to let go of Odysseus, which is a reaction of a wide range of emotions too including frustration, sadness and fury but yeah!
I can FEEL his shiver! I can almost HEAR the way his breath probably quivered as he did! I can SEE the look on his face; that mixed feeling that I enlist above! Daresay the eyes that are STILL crying! And all that with just one single word of a verb describing a non-verbal and automatic reaction!
😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭😭
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Oh my gosh! I love this questioooooooon! And I was thinking of making some post about it!!!!! Gosh I am so sorry to be so late but here we go!
Beware of a long list because I have no self-control and I wanted to include a small variety of the main epithets! My main sources are the homeric poems for this one!:
First we got his infamous epithets that have to do with the word "polys" aka "much" or "many". We know that Odysseus has several epithets with this preposition. They say that out of all the epithets involving the word "poly" Odysseus has around eight attributed to him, some of them exclusive to him or gods like Hermes.:
πολύτροπος -> polytropos= man of many turns/ways
(given that τρόπος stands for "way" but it could also be "τροπή" that stands for "turning")
πολύφρων -> polyphron = ingenius, clever, smart, wise
coming from πολύς aka "much" and φρήν which stands for "mind" so "of much mind" or "clever" or "ingenius"
πολύμητις -> polymetis = of many wiles, wily, of many councils
epithet including the word μήτις which stands for "wisdom" but also "wile" and "council"
πολυμήχανος -> polymechanos = recourceful, of many resources, of many ingenious ideas, inventive, of many devices
including the word "μηχανή" which literally means "machine" or "device" so it is someone that invents ideas or anything similar
πολύτλας -> polytlas = much tormented, of many torments
including the verb τλάω which means "to endure" or "to endure torments"
πολύαινος -> polyaenos = much-praised, much-talked about
involving the verb αἰνέω which stands for "tell tales" or "speak of" but in this context it has double meaning but mostly positive
πολυάρητος -> polyaretos = much prayed for
called such by Euryclaea from the word αράομαι which stands for "pray" or "wish" but also ironically "to pray against" or "to curse"
Of course the infamous epithets for sacking cities or others that have to do with his torments, his skills or his heritage:
πτολίπορθος -> ptoliporthos = sacker of cities
standing from the word πτολίεθρον aka "citadel" or "city with walls" and the verb "πέρθω" which stands for "to take" or "to conquer", "to sack" or "to destroy"
τλήμων -> tlemon = tormented, steadfast, enduring
from the verb "τλάω" which means "to endure" or "to be tormented"
λαερτιάδης -> laertiades = son of Laertes
δουρικλειτός -> douriklaetos = famous for his spear, famed spearholder
involving the words δουρι archaic form of "spear" and κλυτός aka "famed" or "known for"
ποικιλομήτης -> poekilometis = of various wiles
including the word ποικίλος which stands for "with variety" and μήτις "wile" or "wisdom" or "plan"
ὠμογέρων -> omogeron = of early old age, green old man, active old man
not really an epithet, more like a description but I thought I should include. Deriving from ὠμός which means "raw" or "uncooked" or in this case "not yet fully entering" and γέρων aka "old man" so "someone who has yet to enter old age" or "barely entering old age"
ἐσθλός -> esthlos = noble, good, hapless
ἀμύμων -> amymon = hapless, blameless, good
κυδάλιμος -> kydalimos = glorious
φαίδιμος -> phaedimos = radiant, shining
Ἰθακήσιος -> ithakesios = of Ithaca, Ithacan
ἄναξ -> wanax = king, lord, ruler
δύστηνος -> dystinos = poor, unfortunate, unhappy
ὄλβιος -> olvios = happy, blessed
Then we have epithets that have to do with the word "divine" aka "dios" or "theos". The epithets of that kind are common in greek heroes because not only are they considered similar to gods but also have their line connected to gods:
δῖος -> dios = divine, godlike
epithet pretty common for heroes in general given that most of heroes have some sort of relation to gods or goddesses one way or another (it might also be freely translated as "brilliant" or "sublime")
διογενής -> diogenes = born from gods, sprung of Zeus
including the verb γίγνομαι which means "to be born" in this context
ἀντίθεος -> antitheos = equal to gods
standing by the preposition "ἀντί" which stands for "against" or in some cases "touching against" or "instead of" so in this case "touching gods" or "substitute of gods" aka "equal to gods"
θεῖος -> theios = divine
Then we have the epithets that have to do with his heart and mind and usually connected to the word "phren" which stands for "mind" or "heart" as well as the word "hetor" which stands for "heart":
δαίφρων -> daiphron = warrior, war-like, the one who thinks of war
coming from the words δάϊς which stands for "war" and φρήν aka "mind" so stands for someone who has a mind for war so sometimes I have seen it as "war-like" or simply as "warrior". Also common for many heroes
ταλασίφρων -> talasiphron = of steadfast heart, tormented in mind, of patient mind
from the verb τλάω which means "to suffer" or "to endure"
μεγαλήτωρ -> megaletor = big-hearted, great-hearted
including the word "μέγας" aka "big" and ήτωρ which stands for "heart"
μεγάθυμος -> megathymos = big-hearted, great-hearted, great-spirited
same first word as above but instead we have the word θυμός aka "heart" or "soul"
Now others that might include more words:
Διὶ μῆτιν ἀτάλαντος -> dii metin atalantos = equal to Zeus in council
Διῒ φίλος -> dii philos = dear to Zeus
Τηλεμάχοιο φίλος πατέρας -> telemachoio philos pateras = father to dear Telemachus
φίλος πόσις -> philos posis = dear husband
μέγα κῦδος Ἀχαιῶν -> mega kydos Achaeon = great pride of the Achaeans
Some negative epithets or characteristics coming mostly from lips of enemies:
δόλων ἄατος (ἠδὲ πόνοιο) -> dolon aatos (hede ponoio) = insatiable in deceipt (and work -here: deceitful-)
involving the word δόλος aka "wile" or "deceitful plan" and ἄατος "insatiable" or "unsatisfied with". The word πόνος means "work" in general but here probably means the negative essence of plan or deceitful work
ὀλίγος τε καὶ οὐτιδανὸς καὶ ἄκικυς -> oligos te kai outidanos kai akikys = little and puny and insignificant
again not really epithet but rather the description Polyphemus gives on Odysseus in his anger
ἐλέγχιστος ζωόντων -> elechistos zoodon = vilest of all that live
once more not really an epithet but how Aeolus calls him in his fear once he finds out he is cursed by the gods
θρασύς -> thrasys = bold and reckless, cheeky, with audacity
called that by Eurylochus
σχέτλιος -> schetilos = rush, reckless but also unflinching, being able to hold out
both of negative and positive connotations. He is called that by Achilles in the underworld
κερδαλέος -> kerdaleos = crafty, wily, who seeks his own gain
playfully called so by Athena
ἐπίκλοπος -> epiklopos = tricky, thiefy
ibid
Sooooo Sorry I shall stop now! This is already too long and definitely forgot several! But from a small search, mainly to the homeric poems (some mentions from the Aeneid being:
inventor = crafty, wily, inventor
saevus = fierce, notorious, savage
fictor = sculptor but here mostly liar, teller of tales of fiction)
Sorry for being so late to gather some of those and I hope this sufficient for now!
"Hell~o," Odysseus leaned against the flap of the council tent - obviously, council hadn't started yet - but he preferred to appear earlier when everyone else was gone so he could annoy Agamemnon. It was a bit. He personally thought it was funny. He shifted a little and pressed his wrist against the nasty wound on his side as took a sip out of the wine bottle he had gotten on his way back from battle and stopped by his tent. "Lord Agamemnon."
-@polytlaslaertiades
"Laertiades," he greeted without looking up from his own kylix, only subtly angling it so he could see the reflection of the other in the surface of the wine. "You're early. Again."
His eyes narrowed as he noted the odd posture he took, gaze flitting up to look at him before narrowing in on his side. He took in a sharp breath, concern leaping to his throat. He swallowed it down.
"The hell is that," he said, low and even, "and why, exactly, is it not bandaged?"
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