#participle

I was studying the differences between particles and gerunds last night (for my Na'vi studies lol) and got a little stuck.

But i found it helpful to change a verb from a gerund or participle back into its infinitive form to distinguish its role in the sentence and differentiate the two from each other since they can look identical in spelling in English but have very different functions (a gerund having more limited function). This also helps me more explicitly see tense in participles and see the "agent" nature of a gerund. My thought process went a little like this:

"I like jogging." -> example of a gerund

It wouldnt make sense to say "I like jog" because the verb is in the infinitive and English doesnt use infinitives as agents like this. So I see how the "-ing" suffix is a gerund forming morpheme to make a noun out of the verb by changing the syntatic function of the verb. The infinitive verb is now a noun that describes the "ability" to do that verb or the general essence of that verb. Ability and essence are nouns. This is specifically a gerund and not a participle because the "-ing" suffix on the verb "jog" is not used to change the verb into an adverb to describe a verb nor an adjective to describe a noun, nor is it nominalizing a clause; its standing on its own as the agent of the predicate, transitive verb "like".

"The jogging athlete passes the baton." <- example of a participle

Here the verb "jog" is used as an adjective to describe the subject noun "athlete". It wouldnt make sense to use the infinitive of the verb to describe the noun because the infinitive form doesnt function as an attributing adjectve this way in English. The morpheme "-ing" is added to the verb to turn it into an adjective that syntatically functions to describe the ergative noun.

This is specifically a participle and not a gerund because a participle forming morpheme is used to syntatically change the verb's function to an adjective that describes the ergative noun and participles have this verb changing ability. Participles can also syntatically change verbs into nouns and adverbs. Gerunds exclusively function to turn verbs into agent nouns, and the verb in this sentence isnt functioning as an agent noun of the predicate verb "passes".

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1. Future simple: WILL + future tense of the verb or (going to) 2. Past perfect: HAVE(HAD) + past participle – ‘ed’ 3. Present perfect: HAVE (HAVE/HAS) + past participle – ‘ed’ 4. Future perfect: HAVE (WILL HAVE) + past participle – ‘ed’ 5. Past continuous: BE (WAS/WERE) + present participle of the verb – ‘ing’ 6. Present continuous: BE (ARE) + present participle of the verb – ‘ing’ 7.…

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分詞は「動詞を形容詞化したもの」と多くの英語解説サイトで説明されているが、挙げる例文の構成はサイト毎にばらばらで、何処に重点を置いて何を説明しているか良く解らない。

言語分詞句通常文日本語ピアノを弾く少女少女はピアノを弾くEnglishThe girl playing the pianoThe girl play the piano.Zokaleolu balina piyane omoyunebalina piyane omoyune.

英語では動詞に ‐ing を付けると分詞になる。

分詞化すると、 playing the piano は The girl を修飾する修飾句になる。何故そうなるのかは私には解らない。

ゾカレでは埋め込み文の「主語注目マーカー(olu)」を埋め込む文の文頭に置くと「分詞もどき」になる。

olu を使うと、単に構文の解釈順序が「目的語→補語→動詞→主語」になる。この文なら piyane (ピアノ『を』) → balina (演奏『する』) → omoyune (少女『が』/『は』) となるだけである。元の文の品詞としての機能は失われず、 olu は主語注目マーカーなのだから最後の名詞が主語の機能を持つのは当然である。勿論他の埋め込みマーカーを使えば埋め込む対象の品詞と解釈順序が変わる。

Participial phrase is action whereas gerund is verb acting as noun.