#miskito

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Mosquito Coast

Proposed state: Communitarian Nation of Moskitia

Region: Mosquito Coast, Honduras and Nicaragua

Ethnic group: Miskitos

Date: 2002

Political parties: -

Militant organizations/advocacy groups: Indigenous Army of Moskitia

Current status: inactive

History

16th–17th centuries: attempted Spanish conquest

1630: first contact with the British

1631–1641: Providence Island Company occupation

1638–1787: Mosquito Kingdom

1740: Treaty of Friendship and Alliance

1786: Convention of London

1787–1808: Spanish occupation

1844–1860: second Mosquito Kingdom

1860: Treaty of Managua

1860–1894: Mosquito Reserve

2002: first declaration of independence

2009: second declaration of independence

Europeans failed to settle the Mosquito Coast the Providence Island Company arrived in 1630. The Mosquito Kingdom was established in 1638 as a British protectorate. During this time, the Miskito people conducted raids against Spanish-held territories in the region.

Through the Treaty of Friendship and Alliance, the Miskito Kingdom surrendered its sovereignty to the British Empire. The Convention of London then transferred control to Spain, which lost control over Central America in 1821 with the proclamation of the First Mexican Empire.

A new kingdom under British control was established in 1844. Although the Treaty of Managua transferred suzerainty to Nicaragua, the latter did not annex Mosquito Coast until 1894. Between these two dates, a Mosquito reserve was established. The Miskito people proclaimed independence in 2002, but did not make an effort was made to achieve until 2009.

Miskito People

There are around 700,000 Miskitos. They traditionally organized into an egalitarian society that transformed into autonomous regional chiefdoms with vaguely defined social classes due to British influence.

The Miskito people speak Miskito, a Misumalpan language, as well as English, Miskito Coast Creole, and Spanish. They are Christian but still practice some traditional animist beliefs.

Vocabulary

(Miskito - Spanish - English)

Miskitu - misquito - Miskito

Miskitu Uplica Nani - pueblo misquito - Miskito people

Nicaragua 🇳🇮

Basic facts

Official name: República de Nicaragua (Republic of Nicaragua)

Capital city: Managua

Population: 6.3 million (2023)

Demonym: Nicaraguan

Type of government: unitary presidential republic

Head of state and government: Daniel Ortega (President)

Gross domestic product (purchasing power parity): $51.02 billion (2023)

Gini coefficient of wealth inequality: 46.2% (high) (2014)

Human Development Index: 0.669 (medium) (2022)

Currency: córdoba (NIO)

Fun fact: It is the only country in Latin America to be colonized by both the British and the Spanish.

Etymology

There are two theories regarding the country’s name. The first is that it is based on Nicarao, a tribe chieftain encountered by the Spanish, and agua (“water”), as there are two large lakes and several other bodies of water. However, the chieftain’s name was later determined to be Macuilmiquiztli.

The second theory is that the name comes from one of the following Nahuatl words: nic-anahuac (“Anahuac/the Nahuas came this far”), nican-nahua (“here are the Nahuas”), or nic-atl-nahuac (“surrounded by the water”).

Geography

Nicaragua is located in Central America and borders Honduras to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

There are three main climates: tropical rainforest in the northeast and southeast, tropical monsoon in the east, and dry-winter tropical savanna in the west. Temperatures range from 18 °C (64.4 °F) in winter to 34 °C (93.2 °F) in spring. The average annual temperature is 26.5 °C (79.7 °F).

The country is divided into fifteen departments (departamentos) and two autonomous regions (regiones autónomas). The largest cities in Nicaragua are Managua, León, Masaya, Matagalpa, and Tipitapa.

History

600: arrival of the Chorotegas

1200: Nicarao arrival

1521-1821: Viceroyalty of New Spain

1821-1823: Mexican Empire

1823-1841: Federal Republic of Central America

1841-present: Republic of Nicaragua

1860-1894: Mosquito Coast

1912-1933: United States occupation

1926-1927: Nicaraguan Civil War

Economy

Nicaragua mainly imports from the United States, China, and Honduras and exports to the United States, Mexico, and Honduras. Its top exports are coffee, T-shirts, and gold.

Tourism is the second-largest industry. Services represent 60% of the GDP, followed by industry (24.4%) and agriculture (15.5%).

Nicaragua is a member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.

Demographics

69% of the population is mestizo, while 17% is white, and 9% black. The main religion is Christianity, practiced by 84.4% of the population, 55% of which is Catholic.

It has a negative net migration rate and a fertility rate of 1.8 children per woman. 59.6% of the population lives in urban areas. Life expectancy is 74.8 years and the median age is 28.5 years. The literacy rate is 82.6%.

Languages

The official language of the country is Spanish, spoken by 90% of the population. Indigenous languages include Garifuna, Miskito, Rama, and Sumo.

Culture

An important tradition is El Güegüense, a satirical drama that combines dance, music, and theater in Spanish with parts in Nawat.

Men traditionally wear a loose white shirt (guayabera), straight pants, and a wide-brimmed hat (sombrero). Women wear a ruffled blouse (huipil), a long, wide skirt (nagua), and a sash around the waist.

Architecture

Traditional houses in Nicaragua have wood or stone walls, tin roofs, and a small porch.

Cuisine

The Nicaraguan diet is based on corn, beans, fish, meat, rice, and vegetables. Typical dishes include gallo pinto (a dish of beans, onion, peppers, and rice), indio viejo (a stew of corn, meat, onion, and tomatoes), nacatamal (corn dough filled with meat, rice, and tomatoes and wrapped in banana leaves), pio quinto (cake drenched in rum topped with custard and cinnamon), and vigorón (a dish of cabbage salad, cassava, and fried pork).

Holidays and festivals

Like other Christian countries, Nicaragua celebrates Holy Thursday, Good Friday, Easter Sunday, All Souls’ Day, Immaculate Conception, Christmas Eve, and Christmas Day. It also commemorates New Year’s Day, Labor Day, and New Year’s Eve.

Specific Nicaraguan holidays include Liberation Day on July 19, Battle of San Jacinto on September 14, Independence Day on September 15, and Indigenous Resistance Day on October 12.

Indigenous Resistance Day

Other celebrations include Dariana Day, which celebrates the life of Rubén Darío with parades and recitals; La Purísima and La Gritería, when people make altars to celebrate the birth of the Virgin Mary and walk the streets shouting and singing, and Palo de Mayo, when people dance around a pole decorated with colorful ribbons.

La Purísima and La Gritería

Landmarks

There are two UNESCO World Heritage Sites: León Cathedral and Ruins of León Viejo.

León Cathedral

Other landmarks include the Apoyo Lagoon Natural Reserve, the Fortress of the Immaculate Conception, Lake Nicaragua, the San Francisco Convent, and the Volcán Masaya National Park.

Volcán Masaya National Park

Famous people

Arlen Siu - singer

Dennis Martínez - baseball player

Gioconda Belli - poet and writer

Jansy Aguirre - soccer player

José Areas - musician

Martha Chaves - actress and comedian

Pedro Miguel Arce - actor

Román González - boxer

Rubén Darío - poet

Sylvia Poll - swimmer

Sylvia Poll