women's past, present, future

An article by Claire Bowern in The Conversation about how the Pama-Nyungan languages spread and changed through Australia. Excerpt:

The approximately 400 languages of Aboriginal Australia can be grouped into 27 different families. To put that diversity in context, Europe has just four language families, Indo-European, Basque, Finno-Ugric and Semitic, with Indo-European encompassing such languages as English, Spanish, Russian and Hindi.

Australia’s largest language family is Pama-Nyungan. Before 1788 it covered 90% of the country and comprised about 300 languages. The territories on which Canberra (Ngunnawal), Perth (Noongar), Sydney (Daruk, Iyora), Brisbane (Turubal) and Melbourne (Woiwurrung) are built were all once owned by speakers of Pama-Nyungan languages.

All the languages from the Torres Strait to Bunbury, from the Pilbara to the Grampians, are descended from a single ancestor language that spread across the continent to all but the Kimberley and the Top End. 

Where this language came from, how old it is, and how it spread, has been something of a puzzle. Our research, published today in Nature Ecology and Evolution, suggests the family arose just under 6,000 years ago around what is now the Queensland town of Burketown. Our findings suggest this language family spread across Australia as people moved in response to changing climate. […]

Because our models make estimates of the time that it takes for words to change, as well as how words in Pama-Nyungan languages are related to one another, we can use those changes to estimate the age of the family. […]

We found that, in our model, groups of people moved more slowly near the coast and major waterways, and faster across deserts. This implies that populations increase where food and water are plentiful, and then spread out and fissure when resources are harder to obtain.

You can see a simulated expansion here. The spread of Pama-Nyungan languages mirrored this spread of people.

What languages tell us

Languages today tell us a lot about our past. Because languages change regularly, we can use information in them to work out who groups were talking to in the past, where they lived, who they are related to, and where they’ve moved. We can do this even in the absence of a written record and of archaeological materials.

For places like Australia, the linguistic record, though incomplete, has more even coverage across the continent than the archaeological record does. At European settlement, there were about 300 Pama-Nyungan languages. Because there are at least some records of most of them we are able to work with these to uncover these complex patterns of change.

There are approximately 145 Aboriginal languages with speakers today, including languages from outside the Pama-Nyungan family. Many of these languages, such as Dieri, Ngalia and Mangala, are spoken by only a few people, many of whom are elderly.

Other languages, however, are actively used in their communities and are learned as first languages by young children. These include the Yolŋu languages of Arnhem Land and Arrernte in Central Australia. Yet others (such as Kaurna around Adelaide) are undergoing a renaissance, gaining speakers within their communities.

Eubena Nampitjin, Kukatja/Purtitjarra/Mantjilytjarra/Wangkajungka peoples Wati Kutjarra 2002

Eubena Nampitjin (July 1, 1921 – March 11, 2013) was an Australian Aboriginal painter. Born on the Canning Stock Route in remote Western Australia, she was the third of six children, and was taught to be a traditional healer by her mother; as a result she became one of the primary law women in the community. At a young age, she married Purungu Tjakata Tjapaltjarri, and had two daughters with him. She remained in the Aboriginal community until 1963, when she moved with the community to Balgo, Western Australia. After remarrying in the 1970s, she began working on a Kukatja dictionary alongside other Australian linguists; the work was published in 1992. via Wikipedia

Bee 1: Niina marni? (Are you good ?)

Bee 2: Marni'ai (I'm good)

Bee 1: Wanti niina (Where are you going?)

Bee 2: Wardli-ana (Going home)

Muttaburra, Outback Queensland, Australia.

—

the other side of river