Consider this statement:

Technical sciences and societal sciences may use the same mathematical tools, but they differ because those tools are applied to different kinds of systems. The key differences lie in underlying assumptions, measurability of variables, stability of relationships, reflexive behavior of agents, and standards for validation.

Technical complexity is often complex interactions under stable rules; societal complexity is often complex interactions among agents who can change the rules.

This is summarized in the following table:

Regenerating Infinity🔺♾️

By:

Yet Hamilton’s reputation during his lifetime was built on work he completed much earlier. In the 1820s and early 1830s, while still in his twenties, he created powerful new mathematical methods for analyzing the paths of light rays (or “geometric optics”) and the motion of physical objects (“mechanics”). One particularly interesting feature of Hamilton’s work was the way he connected these two…

If a machine is expected to be infallible, it cannot also be intelligent. There are several mathematical theorems which say almost exactly that. Se ci si aspetta che una macchina sia infallibile essa non potrà essere intelligente. Ci sono molti teoremi matematici che dicono esattamente questo. Alan Turing