#lysosomes

Propaganda!

A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells. They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many kinds of biomolecules. A lysosome has a specific composition, of both its membrane proteins, and its lumenal proteins. Besides degradation of polymers, the lysosome is involved in various cell processes, including secretion, plasma membrane repair, apoptosis, cell signaling, and energy metabolism.

The Scientific Research Notes of S. Sunkavally. Years 1986 - 1990.

There is a crossover bio and psychiatry joke to be made here... Anyway, dissociative disorders and phenomena of the mind aside, let's dive into the physical world with the endomembrane system: a continuum starting at the outer nuclear enveloppe that includes the endoplasmic reticulum (both rough and smooth), the Golgi apparatus and the vesicles and lysosomes it produces.

Each member of this membrane system has one or more function:

The Rough endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for most of the cell's protein synthesis.

The Smooth endoplasmic reticuluum is responsible for lipid synthesis and has detoxification functions (which it shares with peroxisomes.)

Vesicles are involved in transportation of material, exchanges throughout the cell and into the extracellular matrix.

For example this is the diagram you have to learn so you can learn it like-

Each cell has a protective outer layer (plasma membrane) , so the cell only lets some certain things or nutrients into the system that it needs but keeps other things out (semipermeable).

Inside the animal cell there is the digestive system (cytoplasm), in the digestive system there is the working organs (organelles).

Tiny grains floating inside the system are called (ribosome) where protein is made.

The cell also has a DNA (nucleus) that contains all are genetic information the DNA is found on structures of the cell (nucleus) called chromosomes .

The nucleus is surrounded by a layer or cover (nuclear membrane) which controls what goes in and out.

Rough ER is a series of folded protective outer layer (membrane) rough ER is always spotted with the tiny grains floating around the system (ribosomes). Together the ribosomes and rough ER make new proteins and protective layer (membranes) that the system or cell needs.

While smooth ER is the opposite, it has vehicles which are used to move things around the digestive system (transport vesicles).

Now there is another working organ which helps in packaging up things, to be transported around cells or need to leave the cell like hormones (Golgi Apparatus).

Now comes lysosomes, lysosomes are both the vitamin c and the decomposer of the cell. It kills the bacteria that invades the body and it also break downs the THINGS that cell doesn 't need.

Vacuoles are large membranous sacs used to store things. While vesicles are smaller sacs.

Mitochondria is the powerhouse that breaks down sugar (ATP) which helps the cell get energy .

DOCK’s Invasive Role

Known as an immune cell protein, DOCK8 is aberrantly found in organelles called lysosomes in pancreatic cancer cells promoting tumour growth and invasion

Read the published research paper here

Image from work by Omar L. Gutierrez-Ruiz and colleagues

Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Image originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Published in Cell Reports, August 2023

14.6.19 // 67 / 100 days of productivity

just a lil somethin I drew for my presentation today - how Magic Red fluoresces

Model for the physical and functional interaction between mitochondria and lysosomes. Boxed areas represent outstanding questions: (1) The physical interaction between mitochondria and lysosomes occurs through vCLAMP in yeast but the identity of the proteins mediating this interaction in mammalian cells remain to be determined. (2) Lipid and amino acid metabolism are controlled by both lysosomes and mitochondria. However, how the interaction between the two organelles affects metabolism is still unknown. Possible mechanisms include lipid and amino acid transfer, as well as exchange of ions that regulate mitochondrial function. (3) Ca2+ is a key signaling molecule regulated by both lysosomes and mitochondria, in addition to the ER. Ca2+ activates several cellular processes including Calcineurin-dependent activation of TFEB and mitochondrial metabolism. As mitochondrial ROS stimulates lysosomal Ca2+ release, the role of Ca2+ in controlling lysosome-mitochondria cross-talk needs to be addressed. AA, amino acids; ETC, Electron transport chain; ER, Endoplasmic reticulum.

Northwestern Medicine scientists have discovered that two key cellular structures, called mitochondria and lysosomes, come into direct contact with each other in the cell to regulate their respective functions. This rare discovery has implications for the research of many diseases, including Parkinson's and cancer, as well as for the understanding of normal aging.The study will be published Jan. 24 in the journal Nature.