#vesicles

Propaganda!

The cell membrane is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space). The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, made up of two layers of phospholipids with cholesterols (a lipid component) interspersed between them, maintaining appropriate membrane fluidity at various temperatures. The membrane also contains membrane proteins, including integral proteins that span the membrane and serve as membrane transporters, and peripheral proteins that loosely attach to the outer (peripheral) side of the cell membrane, acting as enzymes to facilitate interaction with the cell's environment.

For example this is the diagram you have to learn so you can learn it like-

Each cell has a protective outer layer (plasma membrane) , so the cell only lets some certain things or nutrients into the system that it needs but keeps other things out (semipermeable).

Inside the animal cell there is the digestive system (cytoplasm), in the digestive system there is the working organs (organelles).

Tiny grains floating inside the system are called (ribosome) where protein is made.

The cell also has a DNA (nucleus) that contains all are genetic information the DNA is found on structures of the cell (nucleus) called chromosomes .

The nucleus is surrounded by a layer or cover (nuclear membrane) which controls what goes in and out.

Rough ER is a series of folded protective outer layer (membrane) rough ER is always spotted with the tiny grains floating around the system (ribosomes). Together the ribosomes and rough ER make new proteins and protective layer (membranes) that the system or cell needs.

While smooth ER is the opposite, it has vehicles which are used to move things around the digestive system (transport vesicles).

Now there is another working organ which helps in packaging up things, to be transported around cells or need to leave the cell like hormones (Golgi Apparatus).

Now comes lysosomes, lysosomes are both the vitamin c and the decomposer of the cell. It kills the bacteria that invades the body and it also break downs the THINGS that cell doesn 't need.

Vacuoles are large membranous sacs used to store things. While vesicles are smaller sacs.

Mitochondria is the powerhouse that breaks down sugar (ATP) which helps the cell get energy .

Membrane Giants

Large (micron-sized), worm-shaped stable versions of cell membrane protein structures discovered in various human living cell types are implicated in functions that include vesicle formation and damage repair

Read the published research paper here

Image adapted from work by Femmy C. Stempels and colleagues

Department of Molecular Immunology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Image originally published with a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

Published in Journal of Cell Biology, May 2023

Data analysis today.

The green-orange thing is a membrane vesicle (like a tiny ball) produced by a cancer cell. I put these membranes under the AFM microscope, scan their shape and height with a tiny needle (AFM tip), then pinch them with this needle, and record how much force I need to bend them and pinch through.

A neuron, when activated, propagates an electrical signal. But that signal cannot cross the synapse – the junction between two neurons. So, communication from one neuron to the next is accomplished by the release of tiny membrane capsules containing signaling chemicals called neurotransmitters across the synapse.

The electrical signal triggers these capsules, called vesicles, to fuse with membrane at the neuron's pre-synaptic terminal, thereby releasing neurotransmitters into the cleft between the two cells. The neurotransmitters travel across the cleft, then activate receptors in the post-synaptic neuron, triggering an electrical signal in that next cell.

Because the neurotransmitter signal goes in one direction—from the pre-synaptic neuron to the post-synaptic one— vesicles must be re-formed for the process to continue. "Recycling is a critical process to keep synapses functional," explains Professor Takahashi, leader of the Cellular & Molecular Synaptic Function Unit at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University (OIST). In a study recently published in Cell Reports, Takahashi and his colleagues shed light on a poorly-understood part of vesicle recycling.  

More information: Manami Yamashita et al. Vesicular GABA Uptake Can Be Rate Limiting for Recovery of IPSCs from Synaptic Depression, Cell Reports (2018). DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.080