#ribosomes

Propaganda!

A lysosome is a membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells. They are spherical vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes that can break down many kinds of biomolecules. A lysosome has a specific composition, of both its membrane proteins, and its lumenal proteins. Besides degradation of polymers, the lysosome is involved in various cell processes, including secretion, plasma membrane repair, apoptosis, cell signaling, and energy metabolism.

Ribosomes are the cell's protein factories, which read the genetic code and assemble the proteins that every organism needs to live. But as far as how ribosomes themselves were formed, tantalizingly little was known. Now, scientists have captured a key part of this process, in motion. The findings, published in Nature, combine artificial intelligence, cryo-electron microscopy, and genetics to reveal in detail how cells coordinate, regulate, and safeguard the creation of the small ribosomal subunit—a machine central to forming every protein.

Resistant Ribosomes

Antibiotic resistant bacterial strains are a serious threat to human health, but they tend to grow less vigorously than their wild-type ancestors. If researchers can figure out what compromises their hardiness and then target it, they may be able to eradicate infections. In the case of Bacillus subtilis (which causes infections in immunocompromised individuals), the weakness seems to be a need for magnesium. Antibiotics often target a bacteria’s protein-making machinery (ribosomes) and a common resistance-conferring mutation in B. subtilis has been found to strengthen its ribsosomes through increased magnesium binding. A model of the B. subtilis ribosome is shown, with the more rigid magnesium binding highlighted in blue. However, this increased binding limits the availability of magnesium for other crucial cell functions, including proliferation. Thus, if researchers can mop-up spare magnesium during an infection with antibiotic resistant B. subtilis, perhaps they could stamp out its threat.

Written by Ruth Williams

Image from work by Ashley Eunchae Moon and colleagues, Süel Lab, UC San Diego

Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA

Image copyright held by the original authors

Research published in Science Advances, November 2024

For example this is the diagram you have to learn so you can learn it like-

Each cell has a protective outer layer (plasma membrane) , so the cell only lets some certain things or nutrients into the system that it needs but keeps other things out (semipermeable).

Inside the animal cell there is the digestive system (cytoplasm), in the digestive system there is the working organs (organelles).

Tiny grains floating inside the system are called (ribosome) where protein is made.

The cell also has a DNA (nucleus) that contains all are genetic information the DNA is found on structures of the cell (nucleus) called chromosomes .

The nucleus is surrounded by a layer or cover (nuclear membrane) which controls what goes in and out.

Rough ER is a series of folded protective outer layer (membrane) rough ER is always spotted with the tiny grains floating around the system (ribosomes). Together the ribosomes and rough ER make new proteins and protective layer (membranes) that the system or cell needs.

While smooth ER is the opposite, it has vehicles which are used to move things around the digestive system (transport vesicles).

Now there is another working organ which helps in packaging up things, to be transported around cells or need to leave the cell like hormones (Golgi Apparatus).

Now comes lysosomes, lysosomes are both the vitamin c and the decomposer of the cell. It kills the bacteria that invades the body and it also break downs the THINGS that cell doesn 't need.

Vacuoles are large membranous sacs used to store things. While vesicles are smaller sacs.

Mitochondria is the powerhouse that breaks down sugar (ATP) which helps the cell get energy .