Hellequin: leader of the Wild Hunt and Fairy King
The âfamilia Herlequiniâ or âla mesnie Hellequinâ is a term which, as Claude Lecouteux has shown in âPhantom Armies of the Nightâ, might encompass a wide variety of disparate phenomena, such as the wild hunt (die wilde Jagt) and the wild horde (das wilde Heer).
The familia Herlequini represented a troop of the dead: the earliest explicit reference to the familia Herlequini is in Orderic Vitalisâs Ecclesiastical History (1130s).
Orderic told the story of a Norman priest called Walchelin, who describes his encounter on New Yearâs night in 1091 with a mysterious procession of knights, ladies, priests, monks, and commoners, âlike the movement of a great army,â among whom he recognized âmany of his neighbours who had recently died.â At one point Walchelin says to himself, âHaec sine dubio familia Herlechini estâ [Without a doubt this is Herlequinâs household]. At one point Walchelin grabs one of their horses by the reins and experiences an intense burning, and at another, one of the knights seizes him by the throat, leaving a scar which he carries to the grave. All the members of the procession suffer penitential torments for their former sins: one of the knights, for instance, tells Walchelin: âThe arms which we bear are red-hot, and offend us with an appalling stench, weighing us down with intolerable weight, and burning with everlasting fireâ.
In this description, Herlechinus appears as a giant who raise a huge club.
The other early description of Herlequinâs ride, written some fifty years later, is from Walter Mapâs "De Nugis Curialium". Here a Welsh king called Herla encounters a diminutive Pan-like creature who predicts his future marriage and then strikes a bargain with him: he will attend Herlaâs wedding on condition that the king help him celebrate his own wedding a year later. This creature, who is never named, turns out to be royal and shows up at Herlaâs wedding with a splendid retinue bearing lavish gifts. The return visit, which involves passing through âa cave in a high cliffâ, is equally successful, but when the time comes for him to leave, Herlaâs host presents him with a small dog, with the instruction that none of his retinue is to dismount until the dog jumps down to the ground. He returns to his kingdom only to discover that hundreds of years have passed. Inevitably, some of his company dismount before the dog jumps down and are promptly turned to dust: âThe King, comprehending the reason of their dissolution, warned the rest under pain of a like death not to touch the earth before the alighting of the dog. The dog has not yet alighted. And the story says that King Herla still holds on his mad course [circuitus vesanos] with his band in eternal wanderings, without stop or stayâ. Later, Map refers to this band as âphalanges noctivage quas Herlethingi dicebantâ [night-wandering battalions which they say are Herlethingâs] or simply the âHerlethingi familiaâ [Herlethingâs household].
Moreover, in a late thirteenth-century poem on confession, the priest is instructed to ask, âCreĂŻs tu . . . Â / Ne [le luiton] ne la masnĂŠe / Herllequin, ne genes ne fees?â [Do you not believe . . . in the goblin, in the household of Herlequin, in witches, and fairies?], and an early fourteenth-century Dominican redaction of the Elucidarium, known as the Second Lucidaire, makes a similar association when it speaks (in the early sixteenth-century English translation) of âelues, gobelyns, & helquins Ăže whiche men se by nyght, as men of armes trottynge on horsebacke with grete assembles.â Another fourteenth-century author, Raoul de Presles, commenting on Augustineâs discussion of incubi demones in The City of God, recommends that his readers consult William of Auvergne on the topic, âand also he speaks in that place of Hellekinâs household and of Dame Habonde and of the spirits that they call fairies, which appear in stables and woodsâ. Finally, when the author of Richard the Redeless, referring no doubt to the duketti created by Richard II in 1397, writes, âOĂžer hobbis Ďe hadden / of Hurlewaynis kynne,â he explicitly associates Herlequin with hobs or fairies.
In Adam de la Halleâs brilliant farce âLe Jeu de la feuillĂŠeâ (ca. 1255), the action of the play takes place in Arras on a feast day (perhaps May Day or possibly Midsummerâs Eve) and concerns a banquet held in honor of the fairies. The sound of bells leads a character called Gillot to anticipate the imminent arrival of âle maisnie Hellekin,â and when another character asks, âwill the fairies be following him?â [venront dont les fees après], Gillot assures her that they will. In the event, Hellequin himself does not appear but later sends a messenger to Morgan (one of the three fairies who do) with a love letter; at first she spurns his offer, but after learning that her current beau, the Arrageois Robert Sommeillons, has been cheating on her, she regrets having rejected so peremptorily âthe greatest prince in fairylandâ [le graigneur / Prinche ki soit en faerie]. He is described, therefore, as a king and shown to be in some sense the leader of a fairy troupe.
How to start worshipping Hellequin?
- https://elegantshapeshifter.tumblr.com/post/170758896566/historically-attested-offerings-for-the-major
- https://elegantshapeshifter.tumblr.com/post/171876985371/how-to-make-offerings-to-the-major-spirits-ie
- https://elegantshapeshifter.tumblr.com/post/171332375001/the-sabbath-or-ludus-bonae-societatis#notes
- Richard Firth Greenâs âElf Queens and Holy Friars: Fairy Beliefs and the Medieval Churchâ
- Carlo Ginzburgâs âEcstasies: Deciphering the Witchesâ Sabbathâ and âNight Battles: Witchcraft and Agrarian Cults in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuriesâ
- Jacob Grimmâs âTeutonic Mythologyâ
- Claude Lecouteuxâs âPhantom Armies of the Night: The Wild Hunt and the Ghostly Processions of the Undeadâ
- Karl Meisenâs âDie Sagen vom wĂźttenden Heer und wilden Jägerâ (paradoxically there is a translation in Italian but not in English)
- Wolfgang Behringerâs âShaman of Oberstdorf: Chonrad Stoeckhlin and the Phantoms of the Nightâ
- Emma Wilbyâs âBurchardâs strigae, the Witchesâ Sabbath, and Shamanistic Cannibalism in Early Modern Europeâ, âCunning-Folk and Familiar Spiritsâ and âThe Visions of Isobel Gowdieâ
- Eva Pocsâs âBetween the Living and the Deadâ, âFairies and Witches at the Boundary of South-Eastern and Central Europeâ and âTraces of Indo-European Shamanism in South East Europeâ.