Here's the list (credit to doomwiki.org, which I used as a reference for when each game came out):

Doom episodes 1-3 (skip Thy Flesh Consumed for now, it'll come up later)

Doom II

Doom episodes 1-4 (The Ultimate Doom)

PS1 Doom (has unique levels; you can play this with a PS1 emulator, though if you don't want to a .wad that you can play in your sourceport of choice, and someone's probably also uploaded it onto Doom+Doom II's weird mod browser if that's your preferred way to play Doom)

Master Levels for Doom II (you can optionally replay Doom 2 before this)

TNT: Evilution and The Plutonia Experiment (Final Doom)

Doom 64 (main campaign only)

Doom 3 (specifically the original version, not BFG Edition. It's still available on Steam if you don't want to track down an actual CD-Rom copy, and the screen-size issues can be easily fixed (plus while you're doing that you can also turn on player shadows I guess), also maybe try it with the original "gun or torch" gameplay because it's actually not that bad, and if you really can't stand it then get the Duct Tape mod)

Doom 3: Resurrection of Evil (again, the original version, since apparently the BFG Edition version cuts out a lot of content; also feel free to replay Doom 1 and 2 here, with the Xbox levels because they came with this version of Doom 3)

Doom RPG (and, if you want to do a movie night and/or hate yourself, the 2005 Doom movie, which is the one with The Rock, not to be confused with Doom Annihilation)

Doom episodes 1-4 again, followed by No Rest For The Living (Xbox 360 Doom; NRFTL is included with Doom 1+2)

Doom II RPG

Doom 3 BFG Edition (and also its version of Resurrection of Evil, as well as the new Lost Mission expansion)

Doom (2016)

Doom VFR (this one's also optional, since you need a VR headset and not everyone has one of those)

Sigil (I'm also going to put Doom Annihilation, the other Doom movie, here; it also came out in 2019, and if you watched the 2005 movie you should also watch this one)

Doom 64 again, followed by Lost Levels (technically it would make more sense to put this after Eternal, since they released the same day, but whatever)

Doom Eternal

Doom Eternal: The Ancient Gods, Part 1

Doom Eternal: The Ancient Gods, Part 2

Sigil II

Doom 1, 2, Master Levels, TNT: Evilution, The Plutonia Experiment, No Rest for the Living, Sigil, Sigil II and Legacy of Rust (Doom + Doom II)

Doom: The Dark Ages (still not out at time of writing, and also not everyone will be able to run it probably)