A Young Man and a Woman Discussing the Sciences in a Library
Artist: Francois Guรฉrin (French, ย 1717โ1801)
Date: ca. 1769
Medium: Oil on panel
Collection: Waddesdon Manor, Waddesdon, England
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A Young Man and a Woman Discussing the Sciences in a Library
Artist: Francois Guรฉrin (French, ย 1717โ1801)
Date: ca. 1769
Medium: Oil on panel
Collection: Waddesdon Manor, Waddesdon, England

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Vintage Style Antique Brass Compass Pocket Hand Made Fully Functional
Handcrafted Vintage Brass Sundial Compass
Back cover detail from the Boy Scouts of America publication, Be Expert With Map and Compass: The โOrienteeringโ Handbook - 1967.

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John George Bartholomew, 1860 - 1920. Cartographer
Artist: Edward Arthur Walton (Scottish, 1860-1922)
Date: ca. 1911
Medium: Oil on canvas
Collection: National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland
Description
J. G. Bartholomew was born in Edinburgh and on his fatherโs retirement in 1889 he took control of the familyโs illustrious firm of map-engravers and publishers. As well as publishing important physical and statistical maps, Bartholomew was responsible for initiating the production of โThe Times Survey Atlas of the Worldโ. However, he did not live to see it published in 1922. His interest in the development of the geographical sciences led Bartholomew to help found the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 1884. This portrait was painted to commemorate him receiving an honorary doctorate from the University of Edinburgh in 1909 and shows him in his robe with set of compasses and a globe, symbolizing his activities.
The Philosophical Compass
I'll bet most of you are familiar with the Political Compass by now. A lot of people seem to like it, and it's better than a single left/right axis I guess, but I've always found it pretty hopelessly deficient. For one thing, "left" and "right" have been used to mean so many different things since their origin in the French parliament that they've lost much of their descriptive power. "Authoritarian" and "libertarian" also miss lots of nuance, which is why libertarians are almost indistinguishable from the right wing and why the right-authoritarian quadrant is overstuffed while the left-libertarian quadrant remains nearly empty.
In recognition of these weaknesses, I've come up with a second compass which can be considered either a replacement or a complement.
I believe that the pluralist vs. conformist distinction is the most important one of all. I can usually tell where someone lies on that axis before I can determine any of their other sociopolitical inclinations, and it seems less amenable to change. It's tempting to associate forced conformity with the authoritarian right (especially its religious elements) but it's quite prevalent on the so-called left as well - from authoritarian tankies to libertarian-adjacent anarchists. It's pretty much why I don't identify with the so-called left; I have no patience for people who claim to be fighting for tolerance and inclusion while exhibiting their exact opposites.
Empirical vs. dogmatic is less self-explanatory. A dogmatist is one who believes that the most important truths are already known, often handed down from on high, and fixed. An empiricist believes truth is something still to be discovered, grounded in data, and subject to revision. This distinction shows up a lot in issues such as climate change, vaccines, or gender. Again the religious aspect is relevant, but there are plenty of dogmatists who believe that all truth comes from a secular leader instead.
If I was about to be introduced to someone and wanted to know what kind of person they are, I'd find a description in these terms far more useful than in terms of the standard political compass. There are some right-wing beliefs that I consider respectable, even though I strongly disagree. There are even some authoritarian beliefs I can accept, on the more institutionalist (vs. personalist) side. I can be friends with such people, sometimes. But if I know someone's a dogmatic conformist, I'm just going to stay away because one of us will definitely trigger the other.