#bology

Plants might be helping each other more than thought

via: University of Portsmouth

Contrary to the long-held belief that plants in the natural world are always in competition, new research has found that in harsh environments mature plants help smaller ones—and thrive as a result.

The first study to examine plant interactions in a hostile environment over their lifespan found that plants sheltering seedlings help the smaller plant survive and are more successful themselves, a processed in ecology called facilitation.

The study, led by Dr. Rocio Pérez-Barrales at the University of Portsmouth and Dr. Alicia Montesinos-Navarro at Desertification Research Center in Valencia, Spain, studied adult and seedling plants in the 'ecological desert' of gypsum soil in the south-east of Spain.

The findings could have significance for those managing harsh environments including coastal management.

Dr. Pérez-Barrales said: "If you're a seedling in a barren landscape—the top of a mountain or a sand dune, for example—and you're lucky enough to end up underneath a big plant, your chances of survival are certainly better than if you landed somewhere on your own...

Scientists discovered how they inhaled plants and how humans like formed their lungs

Botanists have known since the nineteenth century that leaves have pores – called stomata – and contain a complex inward system of air channels.

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HBD = Human Bio-Diversity.

Extremely cliff-notes version: Lots and lots and lots of traits are hereditary. Different people can be very different because they inherited different qualities from their parents. Because most traits are linked to genes, some traits will cluster more in one ethnicity than another. There are times when the variation in a given trait between two or more ethnic groups is significant, and looking at variation between ethnicities is a useful and worthwhile endeavor.

That is the bare-bones framework that I thiiiink most HBDites can agree on. It’s the definitive, meta-level belief that makes HBD HBD. Of course, once you have that, the next logical thing to look at is which traits vary and in what ways. That is where there is disagreement. Another place where there are a lot of differences of opinion is what policies to endorse given this variance.

People who endorse HBD are all over the place when it comes to these questions. While there are a few object-level things that most HBDites agree on, it’s a lot harder to assume for those. If you want to know what a given HBDite believes, ask them. It’s sort of like atheism that way. Statements of the form “People who believe in HBD support...” are pretty much always wrong. (Also, notably, they’re usually made by people who are anti-HBD.)

Angles : ω , x  &  ω+x=90 degrees  => x=90-ω

sin(90degrees - ω)= cosω

cos(90degrees - ω)= sinω

tan(90degrees - ω)=cotω   cot=cos/sin

cot(90degrees - ω)=tanω

For example

sin60= sqrt3/2     cos(90-60)=cos30=sin60=sqrt3/2

cos60=1/2           sin(90-60)=sin30=cos60=1/2

tan60=sqrt3         tan(90-60)=tan30=cot60=sqrt3/3