#bioactive compounds

Seaweeds are vital resources with economic, societal, and environmental values. These are inhabited in different climatic zones of the oceans. The major factors affecting seaweed distribution are temperature, tidal height, salinity, sea level rise, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Typically, seaweeds are considered a critical source of bioactive compounds that have broad applications in food, cosmetic, medical, and agricultural fields. Presently, nanomaterials are gaining more attraction in medicine, environment, and food and cosmetic industry. Several metallic nanoparticles (silver and gold) are synthesized from seaweeds. The yield of the bioactive compounds mainly depends on the seaweed species and the extraction method employed. Hence, updated knowledge on these aspects is required for further research. Based on the research outcomes published in journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and regional journals, this review addresses (a) the extraction of bioactive compounds present in seaweeds, (b) the applications of the bioactive compounds obtained from seaweeds, (c) synthesis and applications of biochar and nanomaterials, and (d) application of seaweed extract for crop growth.

Mushroom cultivation is one of the most profitable business and environment friendly enterprises, with the various horticultural crops in India. In the current investigation focused on the cultivation of edible mushroom with two different agricultural waste substrates were performed. The two types of raw materials such as paddy straw and sugar cane trash were used for cultivation of Pleurotus florida and Hypsizygus ulmarius. Growth and yield parameters of P. florida was initiated from I, II and III harvested stages were observed. The first harvest mushroom in both was excellent growth and weight when compared with the other two harvests. The total yield of edible mushrooms in paddy straw was maximum production than that of sugarcane trash respectively. Whereas H. ulmarius mushroom was moderate growth yield were performed. The biological efficiency of H. ulmarius grows with paddy straw was maximum yield found to be recorded than sugarcane trash substrate respectively. However, the paddy straw substrate was excellent for cultivation of mushroom when compared with sugarcane trash substrates. Maximum fruit bodies were harvested when P. florida were cultivated in paddy straw substrates Qualitative insights of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, amino acids, coumarins, flavonoids, glycosides, phenols, phlobatannins, quinones, saponin, steroids, tannin and terpenoids were screened from P. florida and H. ulmarius with four different solvents were used for extraction. Among the four solvents extracts of the diethyl ether using P. florida showed maximum bioactive compounds like alkaloids, amino acids, coumarines, glycoside, phenols, phlobatannins, quinones, saponin, steroids, tannin and terpenoids recorded respectively. These bioactive compounds are responsible for many biological properties in our day today life. Hence, these bioactive compounds are responsible for many nutraceutical properties are described in mushrooms for prevention of various diseases including hypertension for the human era.

Ants are one of the diverse groups of insects and are less explored reservoirs of many bioactive natural products, including proteins and peptides. This study was conducted to characterize the compounds of the worker ant, Leptogenys diminuta (Smith, 1857). Hence, this study will demonstrate the importance of ants as a potential source of bioactive compounds found in nature. Thirty samples of L. diminuta were extracted using hexane solution and the compounds were detected using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometry (GC-MS), and the mass spectra of compounds were identified using the NIST08 Standard Reference Database. The analysis identified seven bioactive compounds from L. diminuta with pharmacological and industrial applications, including the first reports of the presence of 2,4-ditert-butylphenol in Ponerine worker ant’s hexane extract. Thus, more studies are needed to explore other essential natural products with various applications found in ants.

Seaweeds are vital resources with economic, societal, and environmental values. These are inhabited in different climatic zones of the oceans. The major factors affecting seaweed distribution are temperature, tidal height, salinity, sea level rise, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Typically, seaweeds are considered a critical source of bioactive compounds that have broad applications in food, cosmetic, medical, and agricultural fields. Presently, nanomaterials are gaining more attraction in medicine, environment, and food and cosmetic industry. Several metallic nanoparticles (silver and gold) are synthesized from seaweeds. The yield of the bioactive compounds mainly depends on the seaweed species and the extraction method employed. Hence, updated knowledge on these aspects is required for further research. Based on the research outcomes published in journals indexed in Scopus, Web of Science, and regional journals, this review addresses (a) the extraction of bioactive compounds present in seaweeds, (b) the applications of the bioactive compounds obtained from seaweeds, (c) synthesis and applications of biochar and nanomaterials, and (d) application of seaweed extract for crop growth.