#acetyl

                                  The Smiling Crawler. [Epicent No.3]

Acylation of an alcohol using acetyl chloride. 

Acetyl chloride, CH3COCl is an acid chloride derived from acetic acid. It is a colorless, corrosive, volatile liquid that reacts readily with a lot compound. 

Acetyl chloride is a reagent for the preparation of esters and amides of acetic acid, used in the derivatization of alcohols and amines. In this case it was reacted with an alcohol to form an acetate ester. As seen a vigorous reaction happened as the acetyl chloride (dropping to the reaction mixture from the addition funnel) mixed with the alcohol (in the flask). Often bases should be added to accelerate the acylation, but in the case the reaction happened immediately and HCl gas evolved from the reaction mixture. 

What happens? This:

Abstract

Organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are reported to cause acute poisoning because of their ability to inhibit acetyl cholinesterase enzyme (AChE). Available antidotes drugs are atropine sulfur, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam, which act to recover OP-AChE inhibition. These are controlled drugs not easily accessed and very expensive. In this present study Acacia nilotica was assessed for its antioxidant activity, and in vivo AChE depression and recovery from OP-AChE inhibition. The mice were exposed in three different OPs including chlorpyrifos 480g/l (CPF), Fenitrothion 10g/l (FNT) and Profenophos 720g/l (PFP). The methanolic bark extract of A. nilotica had a substantial increase of absorbance readings from 2.895±0.0032 to 3.716±0.0259 compared to standard (ascorbic acid) from 0.108±0.0033 to 1.468±0.0297 at P<0.05. AChE depression and recovery were assessed by using the AChE test mate kit to analyze blood collected from the mice’s tail. Recovery effect under crude methanolic extract from A. nilotica, ascorbic acid and normal feeding were compared with the untreated group. Results have shown that there is a significant decrease of AChE level from Day zero to 14th day in all treated groups of CPF, PFP and FNT which indicate poisoning. Significance of AChE recovery observed only in male mice in all treatment groups. This is a first study to assess and report the antioxidant activity of stem bark methanolic extracts of A. nilotica in controlling organophosphate pesticide toxicity in mice, hence further studies on isolation of active compounds are recommended.

Introduction

Pesticides exposure cause adverse effects on human health (Elibariki & Maguta, 2017). Worldwide, approximately 200,000 cases are due to acute poisoning that leads to deaths each year (UN, 2009). 99% of acute poisoning occurs in developing countries (WHO, 2014). Statistics show that about 700 cases of death related to pesticide poisoning may occur annually (Gupta & Sharma, 2006). This shows the need to prevent people from the adverse effects and death associated with pesticide exposure.

In Tanzania, a recent report shows that the prevalence of occupational acute pesticide poisoning range from 50% to 96% (Lekei et al., 2016). The current treatment of pesticide poisoning cases available in Tanzania’s hospital are an antidote, which includes a drug such as atropine, Pralidoxime (2-pyridine aldoxime methyl chloride) and diazepam which are controlled drugs. The drugs are unavailable in rural settings and are very expensive, (Eddleston, et al., 2008). Alternative drug product from natural plant should be searched and developed in order to protect people who are exposed to pesticide and who are at risk to get pesticide poisoning.

Presence of OP in the human body triggers the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induces Oxidative Stress (OS) such as lipid peroxidation, it also induces neurotoxic action and cause inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme (AChE) and a decrease in the antioxidant enzyme (Verma et al., 2007; Oruc, 2012). These antioxidants are essential for neutralizing ROS (Sultana, et al.,2007), meanwhile, AChE is an essential enzyme in neuro-system which play a great role of converting acetylcholine to Acetate and Choline, finally Choline taken back to the neural cell. Acetyl CoA from mitochondria combines with choline to form Acetyl-choline (Ach). Acetate at the ring is released as well as CoA in the neural (Akefe, 2017). Inhibition of AChE results into increase of acetylcholine in the body which cause decrease of AChE level (u/mL) result into acute health effects (headache, dizziness, abdominal pain, death) or chronic health effect (cancer, loss of coordination, loss of vision) (Fayuk & Yakel, 2004). Hence there is a need to prevent the AChE level depression.

Studies have observed that antioxidant derived from vitamins have the capability to fight ROS induced by OPs (Verma, et al., 2007). Also, some studies reported that ROS induced by Chlorpyrifos OP can be scavenged by vitamins enriched antioxidants (A, C and E) (Verma et al., 2007). However, other antioxidant-enriched plants should be searched and assessed their antioxidant property to fight against ROS induced by other OPs. A. nilotica is multi-medicinal plant found in kingdom Plantae, division Mangnoliophyta, Family Fabaceae and is widely found in Africa and Asia (Harmacy & Ciences, 2011). It is reported to have polyphenol antioxidant property (Johns et al., 1999). The medicinal property of the plant may vary depending on part of plant taken. Barks from A. nilotica was shown to contain polyphenol and flavonoids compared with leaves and roots (Sadiq et al., 2015). The presence of polyphenol in A. nilotica gives the plant an ability to scavenge ROS induced by chemicals and protect from oxidative stress in human body (Del et al., 2008): Duganath et al., 2010: Ravikumar & Angelo, 2015). This study was aimed to assess antioxidant activity of A. nilotica in controlling the effects of Chlorpyrifos, Profenophos and Fenitrothion organophosphate pesticides poisoning in mice.

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