Temple of Demeter (Temple of Sangri)
Sangri, Naxos, Cyclades, Greece
Dorin In anta facade, Ionic interior
The Temple of Sangri is a Late Archaic Greek temple on the Cycladic island of Naxos in the area of Gyroulas, about 1.5 km south of Ano Sangri. The temple was built around 530 BC and is one of the earliest Ionic temples. The temple was entirely constructed of Naxian marble. The walls were covered by a multicoloured coating). The temple has a row of Ionic columns in the interior dividing the cella into two aisles. The columns of the internal colonnade support directly the gabled roof. Two corresponding monumental doorways open into the south long side of the cella (wide facade arrangement) with an Ionic pronaos of five columns forming the facade. Based on inscriptions the sanctuary was dedicated to Demeter, Kore, Zeus Eubouleus, Baubo, Apollo (?). The hypostyle hall is served for the celebration of the mysteries.
The temple was built around 530 BCE. Based on the finds, the sanctuary was probably dedicated to Demeter or perhaps Kore. For this reason and because of its unusual shape, the temple is often referred to as a telesterion. There are also indications of a cult to Apollo on the site. If still in use by the 4th century CE, the temple would have been closed during the persecution of pagans under the Christian emperors. In the 6th century CE, the temple was largely demolished and a three-naved Christian basilica was built from the same stone on the same site.
The temple contains many unusual features. The ground plan is almost square (13.29 x 12.73 m), when Greek temples, especially in the archaic period are usually elongated. The facade was on the south side instead of the usual location on the east or (much more rarely) west side. The temple was built without a foundation platform (the Crepidoma), directly on top of the euthynteria, likewise there is no stylobate for the columns.
The facade was formed of five columns in antis. The columns are in the Samian style, but unfluted. Very unusually, the columns show a slight contraction in width with increasing height, whereas Archaic and Classical Greek columns as a rule increase in thickness towards the top (entasis). The leafy wreathed capitals were not carved in the round, but were instead painted onto the double echinus of the capitals, while the abacus was decorated with a band.
On the smooth architrave, hidden behind plates on the facade, were the ends of roof beamswhich supported the oldest known marble roof of ancient architecture, which covered the pronaos. Seven almost four meter long beams formed the purlins of this roof. The beams were curved upwards almost 2 cm, which affected all the structural elements of the roof above them, giving the roof a slight curvature.
Two doors, placed in line with the second and fifth intercolumnation, led from the entrance area to the cella. The doorway was decorated with bands lined with a large Bead and reel pattern. Above the door was a painted Cymatium, which supported a smooth undecorated lintel.
The cella was divided into two parts by a row of five columns which were in line with the columns of the facade. The columns in the centre of the room rise to a height of 5.4 to 6.46 metres, but despite the different heights they all have the same diameter at ground level (50 cm) - in violation of the norms of archaic rules of proportion. They do not narrow towards the top. Like the facade columns they stand atop smooth Samian bases, but these have no torus. These columns supported the marble struts of a saddle roof, which ran from front to back about 4 metres in each direction. Diffuse light would have entered the cella through the gaps in the roof tiles even when the doors to the cella were closed.
The walls of the cella rested on a toichobate which was about 28 cm high and 70 cm wide and composed of two layers. While the outer layer was made of square blocks, the inner layer was made from smaller stones of irregular shape, giving it an unusual “rough” appearance. The space between these two layers was filled with rubble and marble splinters. The blocks of the outer layer show anathyrosis on the short sides, but not on the smooth long sides. The blocks were only occasionally linked with wooden dowels, mostly near the cornice. The outer layer was inclined outwards at an angle of about 3 %, which, like the shape of the columns of the facade, was the opposite of the archaic norm, which was usually intended to ensure in inward inclination. The whole exterior was plastered and painted.
It is impressive that the whole building, which was built entirely from marble, is completely permeated by a common curvature, for which each individual part of the building had to be specially formed. This careful shaping of individual parts made the task of reconstruction easy, since the exact measurements of a large number of the 1600 or so surviving parts of the building indicated their original location.
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