The Tunda is a myth of the Pacific coastal region of Colombia and Ecuador, and particularly in the Afro-Colombian community of the ChocĆ³ department, about a shapeshifting entity, resembling a human woman, that lures people into the forests and keeps them there.
It is described as being capable of changing its shape to appear in the form of a loved one, such as in the likeness of a child's mother, to lure its victims into the forest and feed them with shrimp (camarones peneĆdos) to keep them docile. This deception is referred to as entundamiento and a person in this state of pacified stupor is called entundado.
Her shapeshifting abilities are said to be imperfect, as this doppelgƤnger of sorts would always have a wooden leg in the shape of a molinillo, or wooden kitchen utensil used to stir hot drinks such as chocolate or aguapanela. The monster, however, is very cunning when trying to hide this defect from its would-be victims. In other versions, it appears to male loggers or hunters working deep into the jungle as a beautiful woman that tries to lure a man away, so it can reveal its hideous nature and suck his blood and drink it or devour him as a wild animal like bears.
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The Yara-ma-yha-who is a legendary creature found in Australian Aboriginal mythology. The legend is recounted by David Unaipon. According to legend, the creature resembles a little red frog-like man with a very big head, a large mouth with no teeth and suckers on the ends of its hands and feet.
The Yara-ma-yha-who is said to live in fig trees. Instead of hunting for food, it is described as waiting for an unsuspecting traveller to rest under the tree. The creature then drops down and uses its suckers to drain the victim's blood. After that it swallows the person, drinks some water, and then takes a nap. When the Yara-ma-yha-who awakens, it regurgitates the victim, leaving them shorter than before. The victim's skin also has a reddish tint to it that it didn't have before. If this process is repeated, the victim becomes a Yara-ma-yha-who themselves.
According to legend, the Yara-ma-yha-who is only active during the day and only targets living prey. "Playing dead" until sunset (it is said to only hunt during the day) is offered as a ploy to avoid attack. Stories of this creature were reportedly told to misbehaving children.
My main account got hacked, so everything lock, stock, and barrel has to go.
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The Yara-ma-yha-who is a legendary creature found in Australian Aboriginal mythology. The legend is recounted by David Unaipon. According to legend, the creature resembles a little red frog-like man with a very big head, a large mouth with no teeth and suckers on the ends of its hands and feet.
Pic by tohdraws on deviantart
The Yara-ma-yha-who is said to live in fig trees. Instead of hunting for food, it is described as waiting for an unsuspecting traveller to rest under the tree. The creature then drops down and uses its suckers to drain the victim's blood. After that it swallows the person, drinks some water, and then takes a nap. When the Yara-ma-yha-who awakens, it regurgitates the victim, leaving them shorter than before. The victim's skin also has a reddish tint to it that it didn't have before. If this process is repeated, the victim becomes a Yara-ma-yha-who themselves.
According to legend, the Yara-ma-yha-who is only active during the day and only targets living prey. "Playing dead" until sunset (it is said to only hunt during the day) is offered as a ploy to avoid attack. Stories of this creature were reportedly told to misbehaving children.
Wewe Gombel is a female supernatural being or vengeful ghost in Javanese mythology. It is said that she kidnaps children.
This myth is taught to encourage children to be cautious and to stay at home at night. Traditionally, the Wewe Gombel is represented as a woman with long, hanging breasts. Modern representations include vampire-like fangs. This is a popular spirit that also appears in comics.
The ghost was named Wewe Gombel because it is related to an event that, according to ancient folklore, happened in Bukit Gombel, Semarang, where long ago a married couple lived. They had been married for years, but as time went by the husband realized that his wife was barren and stopped loving her. The husband became wayward, neglecting his wife and leaving her alone for long periods so she lived in sorrow. One day, she followed him and caught him in a sexual relationship with another woman. Hurt by her husband's betrayal she became furious and killed him. Faced with the crime, angry neighbors gathered in a mob and chased her from the village. Despairing at the ostracization and continual harassment, she committed suicide.
After death, her vengeful spirit became Wewe Gombel. Sundanese folklore says that she dwells in the crown of the Arenga pinnata palm, where she has her nest and keeps the children she catches. She does not harm them and once they are under her clutches they are not afraid of her.
Local traditions say that the children she abducts have been mistreated or neglected by their parents. She treats the children lovingly as a grandmother would, taking care of them and protecting them until their parents repent, at which point she returns them.
Wewe Gombel has affinities with the ghost known as Hantu Kopek in Malay folklore.
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In mythology and folklore, a vengeful ghost or vengeful spirit is said to be the spirit of a dead person who returns from the afterlife to seek revenge for a cruel, unnatural or unjust death. In certain cultures where funeral and burial or cremation ceremonies are important, such vengeful spirits may also be considered as unhappy ghosts of individuals who have not been given a proper funeral.
The concept of a vengeful ghost seeking retribution for harm that it endured as a living person goes back to ancient times and is part of many cultures. According to such legends and beliefs, they roam the world of the living as restless spirits, seeking to have their grievances redressed, and may not be satisfied until they have succeeded in punishing either their murderers or their tormentors.
In certain cultures vengeful ghosts are mostly female, said to be women that were unjustly treated during their lifetime. Such women or girls may have died in despair or the suffering they endured may have ended up in early death caused by the ill-treatment or torture they were subject to.
The Tunda is a myth of the Pacific coastal region of Colombia and Ecuador, and particularly in the Afro-Colombian community of the ChocĆ³ department, about a shapeshifting entity, resembling a human woman, that lures people into the forests and keeps them there.
It is described as being capable of changing its shape to appear in the form of a loved one, such as in the likeness of a child's mother, to lure its victims into the forest and feed them with shrimp (camarones peneĆdos) to keep them docile. This deception is referred to as entundamiento and a person in this state of pacified stupor is called entundado.
Her shapeshifting abilities are said to be imperfect, as this doppelgƤnger of sorts would always have a wooden leg in the shape of a molinillo, or wooden kitchen utensil used to stir hot drinks such as chocolate or aguapanela. The monster, however, is very cunning when trying to hide this defect from its would-be victims. In other versions, it appears to male loggers or hunters working deep into the jungle as a beautiful woman that tries to lure a man away, so it can reveal its hideous nature and suck his blood and drink it or devour him as a wild animal like bears.
Tsul 'Kalu is a legendary figure of Cherokee mythology that plays the role of "the great lord of the game," and as such is frequently invoked in hunting rites and rituals.
Pic by chris sclaf
The tale is one of the best known Cherokee legends and was recorded by Europeans as early as 1823, often using the spelling, Tuli cula. The name Tsul 'Kalu means literally "he has them slanting/sloping", is understood to refer to his eyes, although the word eye (akta, plural dikta) is not a part of it. In the plural form, it is also the name of a traditional race of giants in the far west.
He is said to dwell in a place called Tsunegun'yi. The words Tsul and Tsune and their variations appear in a number of Cherokee place names throughout the Southeastern United States, especially in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.
Tsul`kƤlĆ»' TsunegƻƱ'yĆÆ is a 100-acre patch on a slope of the mountain Tanasee Bald in Jackson County, North Carolina, on the ridge upon which the boundary of Haywood, Jackson, and Transylvania Counties converge. It is believed Tsul 'Kalu was responsible for clearing the spot for his residence. The name is sometimes corrupted by Europeans to Jutaculla; consequently the area is also known as the "Jutaculla Old Fields". There is also a large slab of soapstone called "Jutaculla Rock" nearby, which is covered with strange scratches and carvings. These markings are said to have been made by the giant when he would jump from his home on the mountain to the creek below.
Another place associated with Tsul 'Kalu, Tsula'sinun'yi (literally "where the footprint is"), is located on the Tuckasegee River, about a mile above Deep Creek in Swain County, North Carolina. Impressions said to have been the footprints of the giant Tsul`kƤlƻ' and a deer was found on a rock that was destroyed during railroad building.
When a single woman is pregnant and no one steps forward as the father, people assume that Trauco is the father. Because the creature is irresistible, the woman is considered blameless. The Trauco is sometimes invoked to explain sudden or unwanted pregnancies, especially in unmarried women.
Edith Rebolledo Muller, MSc in Sociology, states the following: "In fact, teen pregnancy has its explanation in this myth as a way to justify this shame. Then it will be cleansed by marriage, as an institution that allows regulating and holding bodies into submission".
Shellycoats are considered to be relatively harmless; they may mislead wanderers, particularly those they think are trespassing upon the creature's territory, but without malice. A common tactic of a shellycoat would be to cry out as if drowning and then laugh at the distracted victim.
As described above, the shellycoat shares many of the traits of the Brag, Kelpie and Nix.
Jacob Grimm stated in his Deutsche Mythologie that the Scottish goblin Shellycoat is one and the same as the German Schellenrock, that is bell-coat:
A pĆ¼ck [home-sprite] served the monks of a Mecklenburg monastery for thirty years, in kitchen, stall and elsewhere; he was thoroughly good-natured, and only bargained for 'tunicam de diversis coloribus, et tintinnabulis plenam.' [a "parti-coloured coat with tinkling bells"] In Scotland there lived a goblin Shellycoat, and we saw that the dwarfs of the Mid. Ages also loved bells [schellen; and schellenkappe is Germ. for cap and bells]. The bells on the dress of a fool still attest his affinity to the shrewd and merry goblin (fol, follet); see Suppl.
Thomas Keightly quotes Grimm and classifies the shellycoat as a type of brownie.:
Another name by which the domestic spirit was known in some parts of Scotland was Shellycoat, of which the origin is uncertain.
The domestic nature of the shellycoat emphasized by Grimm and Keightly stands in contradistinction to the wild nature of the water sprites mentioned in other sources.
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A shaitan or shaytan is an evil spirit in Islam, inciting humans and the jinn to sin by "whispering" in their hearts. Although invisible to humans, shayÄį¹Ä«n are imagined to be ugly and grotesque creatures created from (hell-)fire.
Pic by Gustave Dore
The Quran speaks of various ways that the shayÄį¹Ä«n tempt humans into sin. They may teach sorcery, float below the heavens to steal the news of the angels, or lurk near humans without being seen. IblÄ«s, called ash-Shayį¹Än ("the Devil" or "Satan"), is their leader. įø¤adÄ«th literature holds the shayÄį¹Ä«n responsible for various calamities which may affect personal life. Both the įø„ÄdÄ«th literature and Arab folklore usually speak of the shayÄį¹Ä«n in abstract terms, describing their evil influence only. For example, according to a hadith, during Ramadan they are said to be chained in hell.
According to Muslim philosophical writings, the shayÄį¹Ä«n struggle against the noble angels in the imaginal reality called 'Älam al-mithÄl or 'Älam al-malakÅ«t over the human mind, consisting of both angelic and devilish qualities. Some writers describe the shayÄį¹Ä«n as expressions of God's fierce attributes and actions.
The Arabic term Å ayį¹Än (Arabic: Ų“ŁŁŁŲ·ŁŲ§Ł) originated from the triliteral root Å”-į¹-n ("distant, astray") and is cognate to Satan. It has a theological connotation designating a creature distant from the divine mercy. In pre-Islamic Arabia, this term was used to designate an evil spirit, but only used by poets who were in contact with Jewish and Christian tribes. According to Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar, Shaytan in the Arabic language refers to every rebellious person
With the emergence of Islam, the meaning of shayÄį¹Ä«n moved closer to the Christian concept of devils. The term shayÄį¹Ä«n appears similarly in the Jewish Book of Enoch, denoting the hosts of Satan. The term ultimately derives from the Jewish Book of Job. Taken from Islamic literary sources, the term shayÄį¹Ä«n may be translated as "demons", "satans", or "devils".
In the Quran, shayÄį¹Ä«n are mentioned as often as angels. The shayÄį¹Ä«n are mentioned less frequently than Å ayį¹Än, but they are equally hostile to God's order (sharÄ«Źæa). They teach sorcery to humans, inspire their friends to dispute with the faithful make evil suggestions towards both humans and jinn, and secretly listen to the council of the angels. The Quran speaks about the junud IblÄ«s, the (invisible) hosts of IblÄ«s (comparable to the junud of angels fighting along Muhammad. Yet, despite the reluctant nature of the shayÄį¹Ä«n, they are ultimately under God's command, working as his instruments and not forming their own party. According to the Quran, God made the shayÄį¹Ä«n slaves for Solomon, God assigns the shayÄį¹Ä«n as companions to the unbelievers, and God sends the shayÄį¹Ä«n as enemies to misbelievers to incite them against each other. It is God who leads astray and puts people on the straight path. Both good and evil are caused by God in Islam.
A single Å ayį¹Än (the Devil, mostly thought of as IblÄ«s) caused Adam to eat from the forbidden tree, arguing, God only prohibited its fruit, so they shall not become immortal, as narrated in the Quran. He makes people forgetful, protects wicked nations, encourages to murderand rebellion and betrays his followers, as seen in the Battle of Badr. The QuranĀ explicitly warns people not to follow the Å ayį¹Än, implying that humans are free to choose between the path of God or the one of Å ayį¹Än. But Å ayį¹Än only promises delusion . portrays Å ayį¹Än as a false friend, who betrays those who follow him. Å ayį¹Än can only act with God's permission. The Quranic story of IblÄ«s, who represents the shayÄį¹Ä«n in the primordial fall, shows that the shayÄį¹Ä«n are both subordinative and created by God. Å ayį¹Än proclaims that he fears God ('akhafu 'llah), which can mean both, that he is revering or frightened about God (the latter one the preferred translation).
The įø„ÄdÄ«th narrations are more related to the practical function of the shayÄį¹Ä«n in everyday life. They usually speak about Å”ayį¹Än, instead of IblÄ«s or shayÄį¹Ä«n, given the įø„ÄdÄ«th literature links them to their evil influences, not to them as proper personalities. Yet, įø„ÄdÄ«th narrations indicate that they are composed of a body. The shayÄį¹Ä«n are said to eat with their left hand, therefore Muslims are advised to eat with their right hand. ShayÄį¹Ä«n, although invisible, are depicted as immensely ugly. The sun is said to set and rise between the horns of a Å”ayį¹Än and during this moment, the doors to hell are open, thus Muslims should not pray periodically at this time. The shayÄį¹Ä«n are chained in hell during Ramadan. ShayÄį¹Ä«n are sent by Iblis to cause misery among humans and return to him for report. A Å”ayį¹Än is said to tempt humans through their veins. ShayÄį¹Ä«n try to interrupt ritual Muslim prayer, and if a Å”ayį¹Än succeeds in confusing a Muslim, the Muslim is supposed to prostrate two times and continue. Satan and his minions battle the angels of mercy over the soul of a sinner; however, they are referred to as "angels of punishment" instead of shayÄį¹Ä«n.
When it comes to the issue of invisible creatures, mufassirs usually focus on shayÄį¹Ä«n and evil jinn and although they are similar in threatening humans, they are distinguished by one another. While the jinn share many attributes with humans, like having free will, and the ability to reason, and thus different types of believers, the shayÄį¹Ä«n are exclusively evil. Further, the jinn have a limited lifespan, but the shayÄį¹Ä«n die only when their leader ceases to exist. The father of the jinn is Al-Jann and the father of the shayÄį¹Ä«n is Iblis.
In Tafsir al-Kalbi about Ibn 'Abbas, he is quoted as saying: Iblis is cursed and made his soldiers two teams, so he sent one team of them to the humans and another team to the jinn. In another account of him, the jinn are offspring of al-jann, unlike devils. The devils were born by Iblis and they perish only with him and the jinn die including the believer and the infidel (...) āāMahmud al-Alusi, "The Spirit of Meaning", Surah 6:112
Engku Ansaruddin Agus states that jinn, shaitan, and iblis are three different things; Iblis is the name, given by God, to an angel (Azazil) who disobeyed. Shaitan is a title for those who join Azazil's army, trained to destroy humans. Abu Mufti distinguishes in his commentary of Abu Hanifa's "al-Fiqh al-absat" that all angels, except Harut and Marut, are obedient. But all shayÄį¹Ä«n, except Ham ibn Him ibn Laqis Ibn Iblis, are created evil. Al-Damiri reports from ibn Abbas, that the angels will be in paradise, the shayÄį¹Ä«n will be in hell, and among the jinn and humans, some will be in paradise and some will be in hell. Only humans and jinn are created with fitra, meaning both angels and shayÄį¹Ä«n lack free will and are settled in opposition.
Neither the origin of the shayÄį¹Ä«n nor their creation is described in the Quran. Since their leader describes themselves in the Quran as being "created from fire", shayÄį¹Ä«n are thought to be created from that. More precisely, sometimes considered the fires of hell in origin. Most mufassirs agree that the shayÄį¹Ä«n are the offspring of Iblis. Abu Ishaq al-Tha'labi reports that God offered Iblis support by giving him offspring, which are the shayÄį¹Ä«n. Others describe the shayÄį¹Ä«n as fallen spirits (sometimes heavenly jinn, sometimes fiery angels), outcast from the presence of God. Ibn Barrajan argues that the angels consist of two tribes: One created from light and one from fire, the latter being the shayÄį¹Ä«n. Ibn Arabi describes the jinn as fire-made spiritual entities from the spiritual world. When they disobey God, they turn into shayÄį¹Ä«n. Qadi Baydawi argues that shayÄį¹Ä«n are perhaps not essentially different from angels, but differ only in their accidents and qualities.
Since the term shaitan is also used as an epithet to describe malevolent jinn (and humans), it is sometimes difficult to properly distinguish between shayÄį¹Ä«n and evil jinn in some sources. Generally, Satan and his hosts of devils (shayatin) appear in traditions associated with Jewish and Christian narratives, while jinn represent entities of polytheistic background.
ShayÄį¹Ä«n are linked to Muslim ritual purity. Ritual purity is important in attracting angels, while shayÄį¹Ä«n approach impurity and filthy or desacralized places. Before reciting the Quran, Muslims should take wudu/abdest and seek refuge in God from the shayÄį¹Ä«n. Reciting specific prayers is supposed to protect against the influence of the shayÄį¹Ä«n.
Islamic philosophical cosmology asserts the belief in a singular God. In Islam, reverence is held for all the Abrahamic Prophets, including prominent figures like Moses and Jesus. Islamic tradition maintains that Prophets were sent to guide every tribe or community throughout history, with divine revelations being imparted to mankind repeatedly. However, the purity of these messages was sometimes compromised due to human tendencies such as corruption, jealousy, and heresy. Islam affirms that Muhammad was the final Prophet, and it asserts that the Quran, the holy book of Islam, remains unaltered by human hands.
It divides living beings into four categories: Animals, humans, angels, and shayÄį¹Ä«n. Al-Farabi defines angels as reasonable and immortal beings, humans as reasonable and mortal beings, animals as unreasonable and mortal beings, and shayÄį¹Ä«n as unreasonable and immortal beings. He supports his claim with the Quranic verse in which God grants Iblis respite until the day of resurrection.
Likewise, al-Ghazali divides human nature into four domains, each representing another type of creature: Animals, beasts, devils, and angels. Traits humans share with bodily creatures are animals, which exist to regulate ingestion and procreation and the beasts, used for predatory actions like hunting. The other traits humans share with the jinn and root in the realm of the unseen. These faculties are of two kinds: That of angels and the shayÄį¹Ä«n. While the angels endow the human mind with reason, advise virtues, and lead to worship of God, the Å”ayį¹Än perverts the mind and tempts it to commit lies, betrayals, and deceits, thus abusing the spiritual gift. The angelic nature instructs how to use the animalistic body properly, while the Å”ayį¹Än perverts it. In this regard, the plane of a human is, unlike who's of the jinn and animals, not pre-determined. Humans are potentially both angels and devils, depending on whether the sensual soul or the rational soul develops.
The Brethren of Purity understand shayÄį¹Ä«n as ontological forces, manifesting in everything evil.
Following the cosmology of Wahdat al-Wujud, Haydar Amuli specifies that angels reflect God's names of light and beauty, while the shayÄį¹Ä«n God's attributes of "Majesty", "The Haughty" and "Domineering".Ibn Arabi, to whom Haydar Amuli's cosmology is attributed to, although making a clear distinction between the devils and the angels, interpreted shayÄį¹Ä«n as beings of a similar function to that of angels, as sent and predescribed by God, in his Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya.
Sufi writers connect the descriptions of shayÄį¹Ä«n mentioned in hadith literature to human psychological conditions. Devilish temptations are distinguished from the angelic assertions, by that the angels suggest piety by sharia, the shayÄį¹Ä«n against God's law and sinful acts. He further elaborates an esoteric cosmology, visualizing a human's heart as the capital of the body, in constant struggle between reason and carnal desires invoked by the shayÄį¹Ä«n. Ali Hujwiri similarly describes the shayÄį¹Ä«n and angels mirroring the human psychological condition, the shayÄį¹Ä«n and carnal desires on one side, and the spirit and the angels on the other. The evil urges related to the al-nafs al-ammarah in Sufism are also termed div.
Prende or Premte is the goddess of dawn, love, beauty, fertility, health and protector of women, in the Albanian pagan mythology. She is also called Afƫr-dita, an Albanian phrase meaning "near day", "the day is near", or "dawn", in association with the cult of the planet Venus, the morning and evening star. Her sacred day is Friday, named in Albanian after her: e premte, premtja (Gheg Albanian: e prende, prendja). In Albanian mythology Prende appears as the daughter of Zojz, the Albanian sky and lighning god.
Thought to have been worshiped by the Illyrians in antiquity, Prende is identified with the cult of Venus and she was worshipped in northern Albania, especially by the Albanian women, until recent times. Originally a pre-Christian deity, she was called "Saint Veneranda" (ShƫnePremte or Shƫn Prende), identified by the Catholic Church as Saint Anne, mother of Virgin Mary. She was so popular in Albania that over one in eight of the Catholic churches existing in the late 16th and the early 17th centuries were named after her. Many other historical Catholic and Orthodox churches were dedicated to her in the 18th and 19th centuries.
Prende is also called AfĆ«rdita (AfĆŖrdita in Gheg Albanian) in association with the cult of the planet Venus, the morning and evening star, which in Albanian is referred to as (h)ylli i dritĆ«s, AfĆ«rdita "the Star of Light, AfĆ«rdita" (i.e. Venus, the morning star) and (h)ylli i mbrĆ«mjes, AfĆ«rdita (i.e. Venus, the evening star). AfĆ«r-dita, an Albanian phrase meaning "near day", "the day is near", or "dawn", is the native Albanian name of the planet Venus. Afro-dita is its Albanian imperative form meaning "come forth the day/dawn".
The Albanian translation of "evening" is also rendered as ĻĻĪĪ¼Īµ premĆ« in the Albanian-Greek dictionary of Marko BoƧari.
In northern Albania, Prende is referred to as Zoja Prenne or Zoja e Bukuris "Goddess/Lady Prenne" or "Goddess/Lady of Beauty".
In the Albanian pagan mythology Prende is the goddess of dawn, love, beauty, fertility and health. She is considered the Albanian equivalent of the Roman Venus, Norse Freyja and Greek Aphrodite.
According to some Albanian traditions, Prende is the daughter of Zojz, the Albanian sky and lightning god. Associated with the dawn goddess, the epithet "daughter of the sky-god" is commonly found in Indo-European traditions.
According to folk beliefs, swallows, called Pulat e Zojƫs "the Lady's Birds", pull Prende across the sky in her chariot. Swallows are connected to the chariot by the rainbow (Ylberi), which the people also call Brezi or Shoka e Zojƫs "the Lady's Belt".
The common Albanian name nepƫrkƫ for the venomous snake adder, viper appears in the Arbƫresh variety of Calabria as nepromtja, probably based on Prende / Premte.
The Pillan (plural pillanes) are powerful and respected male spirits in Mapuche mythology.
According to legend, the Pillan are good spirits, but they can also cause disasters, since they also punish (or they allow the wekufe to punish) with drought or flood, earthquakes, or diseases. The AntĆ¼ is the most powerful Pillan, who governs the others. In the Mapuche tradition, a man that follows the laws of the admapu can also become a Pillan after death. The Mapuche perform a ngillatun ceremony for the Pillan, for the latter to grant benefits to the people, and to thank them for their gifts.
The Pillan have been described as spirits that live in the Wenumapu (a spiritual world of good), and those that inhabit the Earth generally live inside the volcanoes. (Example: Osorno and QuetrupillƔn Volcano). The accompanying female spirits of the Pillan are the Wangulen spirits.
A nian is a beast in Chinese mythology. Nian live under the sea or in the mountains. The Chinese character nian more usually means "year" or "new year". The earliest written sources that refer to the nian as a creature date to the early 20th century. As a result, it is unclear whether the nian creature is an authentic part of traditional folk mythology, or a part of a local oral tradition that was recorded in the early 20th century. Nian is one of the key characters in the Chinese New Year. Scholars cite it as the reason behind several practices during the celebration, such as wearing red clothing and creating noise from drums and fireworks.
Once every year at the beginning of Chinese New Year, the nian would come out of its hiding place to feed, mostly on people and animals. During the winter, when food was scarce, it would raid villages, eating the crops and sometimes the villagers themselves - particularly their children. Several accounts describe its appearance, with some claiming that it resembles a flat-faced lion with the body of a dog and prominent incisors. Other authors described it as larger than an elephant with two long horns and many sharp teeth. The weaknesses of the nian are purported to be a sensitivity to loud noises, fire, and a fear of the color red.
Some local legends attribute the Chinese lion dance to the nian. The tradition has its origins in a story of a nian's attack on a village. After the attack, the villagers discussed how to make the nian leave them in peace. Since it was discovered that the beast was afraid of the color red, people put red lanterns and spring scrolls on their windows and doors. They would also leave food at their doorstep in a bid to divert it from eating humans. Other sources say that an old man who came to visit actually informed the villagers of the nian's weaknesses.
The traditions of firecrackers, red lanterns, and red robes found in many lion dance portrayals originate from the villagers' practice of hitting drums, plates, and empty bowls, wearing red robes, and throwing firecrackers, causing loud banging sounds to intimidate the nian. According to this same myth, it was captured by Hongjun Laozu, an ancient Taoist monk, and became his mount.
Various aspects of cultural practices relating to Chinese New Year are part of the nian legend. These cultural practices are recorded in ancient texts, though none of them refer to a creature called nian.
The Erya records that the character nian (幓) was first used to mean "year" during the Zhou dynasty, replacing terms used in previous eras. The Shuowen Jiezi records that the character nian meant "ripeness of grains" and was composed of the character "he" (ē¦¾, rice plant) and "qian" (å, indicating the sound) and quotes the Chunqiu, which uses it in the sense of a great harvest.
The attributes of the nian creature in the modern legend, of fear of noise and fire, correlate with ancient legends relating to the use of firecrackers to drive off ape-like creatures in the mountains called shanxiao, first recorded in the Shanhaijing.
The practice of sweeping and cleaning at the start of the year is recorded in Zhou dynasty sources as intended to ward off plague spirits, and the practice of using music and drama to receive gods and ward off plague spirits is recorded from the same era. The creature's role in the celebration of the Chinese New Year is highlighted by the way the Chinese call this holiday Guo Nian, which means "pass over nian" or "overcome nian."
In Arab folklore, the Nasnas is a monstrous creature. According to Edward Lane, the 19th century translator of The Thousand and One Nights, a nasnas is "half a human being; having half a head, half a body, one arm, one leg, with which it hops with much agility". In Somali folklore there is a similar creature called "xunguruuf" or "Hungruf". It is believed it can kill a person by just touching them and the person would be fleshless in mere seconds. It was believed to be the offspring of a jinn called a Shiqq and a human being. A character in "The Story of the Sage and the Scholar", a tale from the collection, is turned into a nasnas after a magician applies kohl to one of his eyes. The nasnas is mentioned in Gustave Flaubert's The Temptation of Saint Anthony.
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The Nalusa Falaya is a creature from Choctaw mythology. Its name is literally translated to "long black being" and it is usually described as a tall skinny humanoid with long ears. It has however been described as slithering like a snake and/or melting into a shadow .
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The Nalusa Falaya lingers in the long shadows in the dusk and frightens children who stay out too late as well as the occasional careless hunters.
It is described as planting thorns into a hunter's hands and feet giving them the power to do evil to others. The hunters remain ignorant of this until their malevolent actions reveal it. Similar to witch myths from Europe and colonized AmericaĀ these people were too afraid to tell others of their power so as to not be prosecuted.Ā
The children of the Nalusa Falaya have the ability to remove their internal organs and appear as small bodies of light seen along the edges of marshes similar to the will-o'-wisps.
La Sayona is a legend from Venezuela, represented by the vengeful spirit of a woman that shows up only to men that have love affairs out of their marriages. The name "Sayona" refers to the cloth the ghost wears which is a long white dress similar to a medieval undergarment.
The legend claims that when this woman appears she asks for a ride, and after a while when the victim tries to see her face, he notices that she has instead a skull with horrible teeth.
The legend says that "La Sayona" was a young woman named Casilda. She lived in a small town in the plains of Venezuela and was the most beautiful girl there. She was married to a great man, caring and loving. Casilda and her husband had a baby boy. One day, Casilda was swimming naked in a nearby river and a villager saw her. After that, the man would always follow her and watch her bathe in the river. One day Casilda saw him and told him to leave her alone; he ignored her, and instead told her that he was there to warn her: "Your husband is having an affair with none other than your mother," he said. Casilda ran home and found her husband asleep with the baby in his arms. Blind with anger, she burned the house with them inside. Villagers could hear their screams while Casilda ran to her mother's house. She found her on the patio and attacked her with a machete, striking her in the stomach. As the mother bled to death, she cursed Casilda telling her that from then on she would have to avenge all women by killing their unfaithful husbands. And from that day forward Casilda became "La Sayona".
In other versions of the tale, Sayona appears to men working in the jungle. She manifests when her unsuspecting victims talk to their workmates about sex or think of women they left behind in their hometown. Sayona appear to such men, assuming the likeness of beautiful woman, or a loved one, and lures them into the forest so she could reveal her animal-like features and devour them, or mangle them, leaving their wretched bodies for their companions to find.
