مُجاهِد

(1)الفتوحات الإسلامية في شبه القارة الهندية

In 711, Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf, governor of the province of Iraq, sent 2,000 horsemen led by Muhammad bin Al-Qasim Al-Thaqafi to conquer the Sind region of the south of the Indus, where the Buddhist abjects launched pirate raids against Muslim merchants. They annihilate the army of 50,000 "men" of Raja who is also killed.

(2/2)الفتح الإسلامي للأندلس

Now that Seville is taken, it serves as a center of operations for the launching of armies. 2 armies are sent one to Cordoba and the second to Merida. But the main target remains Toledo capital Visigoth. Ecija Tarik meets an army of Visigoth who is beaten. He goes to Cordoba who will fall after the surrender of the local count, all the defenders were slaughtered. He goes with his army to knock down other cities Granada, Malaga, Jaen ... Musa will meet on his way the resistant City of Merida that he will leave behind with a small regiment to continue the siege. He joins Tarik in front of Toledo which will fall very easily in the hands of Muslims. Indeed, all the dignitaries had already left the city and Musa had the remaining ones killed. Now, Toledo capital Visigoth and his immense treasure from the bag of Rûma in 410 belongs to the Caliphate. At the beginning of the year 712 operations resume. Musa and Tarik are pursuing the Visigoth armies that had gone back to northern Iberia. The cities of Lugo and Amaya fall as well as all the north of the peninsula so that Muslims own more than half of the provinces of the old kingdom. The only remaining important cities are Tarragona and Narbonne. This marks the second part of the epic Iberian countryside and marks the beginning of another epic, that of Al-Andalus, but it is another story.

(1/2)الفتح الإسلامي للأندلس

5 Rajab 92 (April 30, 711), Ṭāriq ibn Ziyād governor of Tanja landed with 12,000 soldiers in the Bay of Algeciras in Iberia then under Visigoth control. He sets up his headquarters on a rock well protected by the relief that will take its name, Jebel al-Tariq (Gibraltar after the reconquista by kuffars). Due to the small number of boats at his disposal the army will put some time before being reunited in full. After that he will burn the boats and say, "O people, where is the escape?" The sea is behind you, and the enemy before you, and you have by ALLAH only sincerity and patience [...] ". Tariq and his army will take advantage of the absence of King Visigoth Rodéric accompanied by the nobility of the country who went to campaign against the Basque in the north, so the opposite of Muslims. No opposition had come to the meeting of the Muslims because raids had already taken place in the past, except that tariq had remained well forever. So it is finally at the end of July after having received 5000 berbers that the army of Rodéric meets that of Tariq, it is the battle of wādī laka. Rodéric reunited with him a large number of nobles and more than 30000 soldiers against 17000 Tariq. After several days of fighting the Visigothic army is crushed, Roderic dies and most of the nobles die. It is the end of the Visigoth regime. Now that Tariq has secured his positions, the governor of Ifriqiya Musa ibn Noahir ibn Abderrahman Zayd al-Bakri al-Lajmi landed with nearly 18,000 Arabs in Cadiz to join his administered Tariq. The Muslims take Medina Sidonia and Seville who falls after 1 month of siege. The first phase of the epic conquest of Iberia is completed.

(2/2) الفتح الإسلامي لما وراء النهر

During the reign of Al-Walid I (705-715), Qutayba ben Muslim was appointed governor of Khorassan and resumed hostilities against the territory of central Asia. The brilliant general takes one by one the cities of Semerkand, Ferghana, Bukhara, Kokand etc ... In 717, Qutayba launched an attack on the Anxi protectorate in the Tarim Basin, controlled by China's Tangs. The attack and a failure, the Chinese allied with Turkish köktüks and karluks. In 721, the koktürks called by the transoxanian princes launched attacks on the territories of the Caliphate and insurrections was born in the same territories. It is Amr ibn Sa'id al-Harashi who will crush the Turks and uprisings. In 724, Muslim ibn Sa'id is appointed by the Caliph Hisham whose mission is to eliminate for good the Turkish besieging Semerkand. An attack by the troops of the Turkish Kaghan Suluk reduced the number of soldiers and to remedy the Caliph sends Qutayba who succeeds in beating the Turks and raise the siege. Qutayba ordered the destruction of the idols, built a mosque and brought 30,000 slaves. In 728, Suluk defeated several Muslim armies and regained control of the area. 2 large expeditions in 732 will restore control of the Caliphate. But it is necessary to wait for the death of Suluk so that the Turkish aggressions stop and that the region is pacified for real.

(1/2) الفتح الإسلامي لما وراء النهر

After Nahavand's victory in 642, the Muslim armies moved east to Khorasan and Sistan, the ancient city of Merv fell to Abdallah ibn Amir in 651. During the decade, the only military actions can be summarized as raids to pick up loot. A first expedition led by Ahnaf ibn Qays in 652, is countered by the troops of the Thorkarian peoples. A second led by al-Aqra ibn Habis allows the taking of Afghanistan's current city like Balkh and Faryab. But the first fitna allows the uprising of conquered peoples and even the loss of khorassan. After the civil war, Abdallah ibn Amir restored control of the region. We must wait for the appointment of Ziyad ibn Abi Sufyan as governor of Iraq to launch a real campaign of pacification. He even installed in 50000 Arabs of southern Iraq in 671 in Merv thus creating a solid base for future conquests. When he died, his son Ubayd Allah became governor in 673. The following year he crossed the Amudarya River and invaded the principality of Bukhara. When Sa'id ibn Uthman became governor in 676 he launched a large campaign in Sogdiana. He reaffirms sovereignty over the cities already conquered and even takes Semerkand. However the second fitna (683-692) will make lose the Caliphate territories located on the other side of the river. The following governors will attempt a reconquest but will be repelled by the transoxian princes. But these will remain disunited what the Caliphate will exploit after 705 ...

الخلافة الراشدة

معركة ذات الصواري

In 655, the governor of Syria Mu'āwiya undertakes an expedition to Cappadocia with his fleet under the command of Abdullah bin Saad. Muslims meet the Byzantine fleet near present-day Finike. The Byzantines were in numerical superiority (about 500 Roman ships against 200 Muslims). At the onset of the Byzantine onslaught, Muslim vessels cling quickly to those of the Byzantines and infantry dump on the kafirun. Even if the losses are important on both sides the victory goes to the Muslims. This first maritime battle for the young Califphate and Arabs is a turning point in the maritime history of the Mediterranean as it consecrates the emergence of Muslim naval power while Byzantine hegemony is contested for centuries to come.

الفتح الإسلامي للمغرب

The invasion of the Maghrib was a major invasion over a period ranging from 647 to 709.

1st Invasion: It is directed by Abdallah ibn Saad the governor of the province of Misr, in 647. The army is composed of 40000 mujahideen who leave from Memphis towards the exarchate of Carthage led by King Gregory who took his independence of Constantinople. The Muslims won a decisive victory in Sufetula and the whole region afterwards and looted for several months. Gennadios II, Gregory's successor, paid a heavy tribute to ensure the departure of the Muslims after a campaign of about 15 months. The internal troubles, including the assassination of Uthman Ibn Affan and the first fitna where Ali the 4th caliph, will interrupt for a long time the Islamic conquests. The new Umayyad Caliphate controlled by Muawiyah will revive the Muslim war machine.

2nd Invasion: (Before starting, Abdallah Ibn al-Zubair at the head of a raid sponsored by Muawiyah made a reconnaissance operation to prepare a real conquest.) It is led by 'Oqbā Ibn Nāfī' from 665. It pacifies Libya which is attacked by the Byzantines and whose tribal chiefs had annulled their allegiance to the Caliphate. He then advances to present-day Tunisia where he beats important Byzantine detachments. In 670, the city of Qayrawan was built by 'Oqbā with the aim of making it a base for future operations. There he built the great mosque of Qayrawan and thus the first Arab city of Maghrib was founded. Subsequently, 'Oqbā crosses with his army the Maghreb lands by conquering each city on its way whether they are at the seaside or in the deserts. He reached Tangier even if he was repulsed diplomatically by the mysterious and famous Count Julian and went to the heart of the Atlas where he beat the fiercest Berbers he met. He retraced his steps but in 683 he was ambushed by thousands of Berbers commanded by Koceila the traitor who had accompanied him throughout his campaign. 'Oqba with only 300 men fought the kafirun with the eagerness to kill the infidels and to die as a martyr what he received from our Lord Allah subhanu wa ta'ala). When the men at Qayrawan heard the terrible news, they fled to Barqa. Zubayr, a soldier of 'Oqbā, took revenge by winning many battles in the Maghrib but withdrew from the weight of the many Byzantine soldiers. A new civil war at the death of Muawiyah interrupts the operations until the appointment of Abd Al-Malik ibn Marwān.

3rd Invasion: It is led by Hassan Ibn Nu'man governor of Masr from 692, he walks with 140000 on Carthage he takes and destroyed to the foundations, Carthago Delenda East. The Byzantines send an imposing force that will be destroyed by the Muslims. Another Byzantine army is crushed in Utica which will put a definitive end to the Roman presence in Africa. There follows an insurrection of all Berbers under the banner of Kahina. The troops of Kahina defeated the Muslims in 698 near the Nini River, which forced Nu'man to retreat to Masr. After 5 years, when the Kahina devastated the Maghrib by pure devastating madness, Nu'man came back as a hero to the inhabitants and killed her from the first confrontation. The Maghrib finally becomes a Muslim region.

End of the conquest: Moussa ibn Noçaïr is appointed in 700 governor of Ifriqya and terrace with firmness the Berber revolts. In 709, the Maghrib is entirely under Islamic domination except Sebta which will be integrated only in 711 at the invitation to conquer Iberia by Count Julian.

الفتح الإسلامي لفارس

Following the overwhelming victory of the Muslims against the Persians in al-Qadissiyya, the army led by Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas marched in 637 on the Sassanid capital, Al-Mada'in. Only after a short siege does the city fall into Muslim hands even though King Yazdgard III had already fled. The Persians have attempted counter-offensives like Jalula that have been decimated. Now Muslims control all of Mesopotamia. Yet Yazdgard did not want to abandon the hostilities immediately, in 642 he has an army of more than 150,000 men assembled in Navahand, which once again is routed by the Muslims, the Persians lose more than 20,000 men whose their general-in-chief Firuzan. As a result of this battle, the king fled to the south of his empire which gradually becomes a vestige of the past. The Muslims will take the same year the majestic Isfahan as well as the whole Fars and will continue their advanced for decades until approaching the central Asia and the Indus.

الفتح الإسلامي مصر

After the conquest of the Sham, 'Amru Ibn Al-As companion of the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم) governor of Falastin is attracted by the idea of ​​conquering the rich and prosperous Roman province of Egypt which he submits to the Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab who accepts immediately. So 'Amru in 18 AH, with 4000 mujahideen begins his march towards Egypt. The column crossed the long sandy stretches of the Sinai desert to reach Al-'Arish, this small border post is historically used to stop foreign incursions but the Muslims take it without resistance because deserted by the troops. The rumor spreads rapidly in the capital of Al-Iskenderiyya province (Alexandria) and Roman troops began to get together to confront the Muslims. After successive victories against the Romans the Muslims occupy the eastern towns of the Nile and continue their advance along it to reach the historic heart of Egypt, Memphis. Amr arrives at the first complication of the operation, the fortress of Babylon in Egypt, where thousands of Roman soldiers are holed up and prevent Muslims from crossing the west side of the Nile. After several months of siege and reinforcements commanded by 4 companions of the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم) who raised the Muslim army to 8000 men, 'Amr managed to take advantage in a battle and managed to encircle the fortress. To avoid unnecessary losses, Zubayr Ibn al-'Awwam illustrates the prophet's (صلى الله عليه وسلم) companion with some soldiers infiltrating the enclosure and open the gates to the remains of the army and finally Babylon of Egypt is occupied by the Muslims. The tent of 'Amr during the siege later became the city of Fustat (tent) after the end of the conquest. Subsequently, before marching on Al-Iskenderiyya 'Amru, he sent several detachments to conquer Fayum, Upper Egypt and the delta of Lower Egypt. Once the pacification is over, the army returns to Al-Iskenderiyya and meets several Roman armies that are defeated each time. Arrived in front of the city, the seat; which would last about ten months; is posed. On several occasions, Muslim horsemen manage to enter the enclosure during the Roman retreat, but without significant change. In November 641, the last assault is launched and the Muslims win the victory. The city is invested by the army and tens of thousands of Greeks leave for Constantinople. This conquest is important for the caliphate because it is a very prosperous province economically and contains millions of souls that are starting to convert in large numbers. Amr became right after Governor of Masr Province.

معركة القادسية

In 636, Persian general Rostam Farrokhzad crossed the Euphrates with over a hundred thousand soldiers to confront the Muslims. Caliph Omar Ibn Al-Khattab deploys 30000 Muslim horsemen for the battle. On the first day the Persians take the advantage thanks to their elephants which destabilizes the Muslim army. But on the third day the infantry reverses the situation and the Persians disperse in total anarchy. All enemy generals are killed during the flight. The disbelieving losses amount to more than 20,000 men as to only about 7,000 for the mujahideen. This battle was decisive for the Caliphate because it allowed occupation the following year of the Persian capital Al-Mada'in.

فتح دمشق

After the dazzling victory at Ajnadayn, the Muslim armies march north and siege Dimashq. To isolate the city, Khalid cuts the lines of transport and communication to the north of Syria. The generals of the different corps have the mission to repel any attempt at Byzantine exit of the different gates. Thomas Gate: Shurahbil, Jabiyah Gate: Abu Ubaidah, Faradis Gate: Amr, Keisan Gate: Yazid ben Abi Sufyan, Small Gate: Yazid ben Abi Sufyan, East Gate: Rafay bin Umayr. Massive Roman reinforcements managed to re-enter the city, raising the number of defenders to nearly 20,000. During the total duration of the siege, the defenders under the command of Thomas tried twice to break it by making sorties that would fail. and lose an eye to Thomas at the premiere. The 18 september Jonah a Greek of Dimashq is going to warn Khalid that during the night the inhabitants and the soldiers would be too busy to celebrate and that consequently the city will have no more defense. Along with two other Khalid soldiers, the ramparts confront drunken soldiers and open the doors to the rest of the Muslim army. Thomas rushes to surrender the garrison at Abu Ubayda and the city falls under Caliphate rule.

الفتح الإسلامي للشام

In the Middle East, the caliphate army is conquering the Sham. In a disputed battle near Adjnadayn (Syria) in the summer of 634, the Caliphate army won a decisive victory against the Romans. After their victory at Fahl, Muslim forces took Damascus the same year under the command of Khalid ibn al-Walid. The Byzantine reaction manifests itself in recruiting and sending the maximum number of available soldiers under the command of competent commanders to expel Muslims from their newly gained territories. But at the battle of Yarmouk, the Muslims, well informed of the details of the ground, rely on the deep ravines and cliffs to form a death trap, then engaging the Byzantines in a series of costly assaults (120,000 Roman deaths). Soon, in 637, the Arabs occupied Jerusalem (Al-Quds), which was ceded by Patriarch Sophrone to Omar ibn al-Khattab. During the summer of the same year, Muslims seized Gaza. In 638, Muslims occupied northern Syria, with the exception of Upper Mesopotamia, which was granted a truce of one year. Upon the expiry of the war in 639-640, the Arabs invaded Byzantine Mesopotamia and completed the conquest of Palestine by storming the city of Caesarea and finally capturing Ascalon. In December 639, Muslims leave Palestine to invade Egypt in early 640 …

In the year 12 AH caliph Abu Bakr launches the conquest of Iraq. He names Sayfollah Khalid Ibn Al-Walid as general-in-chief of the Muslim armies for the campaign of Iraq is 10000 mujahideen. The campaign really begins with the battle of the chains at Obolla a major port of the Persian empire on the Persian Gulf where the muslumans have achieved a total victory. The battles of Walaja followed by ulleis and on his way Abu Sulayman (war name of Khalid) is still victorious in front of the city of Hira and afterwards he managed to take the beautiful city. He continues his way always triumphing over the Persian and Christian Arab tribes and takes the strongholds of Ain-Ut-Tamr and Anbar and ended by the Firaz. Southern Mesopotamia was finally under the yoke of the Caliphate.

After the death of the Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه وسلم), several Arab tribes who had lent allegiance to the young Islamic nation decided to rebel, especially to no longer pay Zakat, others apostasized and allowed themselves to be guided by false prophets like Tulayha or Sajah. This episode is known as the Ridda Wars. Caliph Abu Bakr As-Siddiq sent many detachments of Muslims to deal with the revolts. Multiple battles followed each other and the kafirun fell one by one to end definitely at Yamamah's battles. The most active general during these campaigns was Khalid Ibn al-Walid nicknamed Sayfollah by the prophet. Subsequently the Caliphate was finally stable and could finally begin these expeditions against the Romans and the Persians.

The conquest of Makka on the 10th Ramadan by the prophet Muhammed (صلى الله عليه وسلم)and the muslims  (10,000 mujahideen).

Battle of Al Khandaq on 5 Chawwal 5 AH between the muslims (3000 mujahideen) and the tribe of Quraysh with support of the jewish tribe of Qurayza and some polytheists arabs tribes (10000 soldiers).