Famous Inventions: Aspirin
When you get an idea for an invention, it is easy to consider the challenges, risks, and possible setbacks you may encounter and become discouraged. However, there are many stories of famous inventions that involved all of those setbacks and challengesâinventions that people canât imagine living without today. While many products are the result of coming up with an idea first, and then developing it, many other projects are inspired by moments in everyday life. Some of the most famous inventions have even been invented entirely by accident. The invention of aspirin is an interesting tale that demonstrates that products often take many years to be perfected. Aspirin is a product that was developed from a natural source, like many of the historical remedies that persist into modern times; acetylsalicylic acid, the pharmacological product, comes from a number of plants, particularly willow.
Medicines derived from willow trees have been part of pharmacopoeias dating back to ancient ages. A stone tablet of medical text dated to approximately 2000 BC lists willow among other plant- and animal-based remedies. Willow-based treatments also appeared starting in the fifth century BC, with Hippocratesâ writings, by the time of Galen, willow was commonly used throughout the Roman and Arab worlds.
The major turning point for medicines with salicylates came in 1763, when Edward Stone discovered and tested dried and powdered willow bark as a treatment for ague, a disease with vague symptoms primarily referring to malaria. Edward Stone was inspired by the doctrine of signatures to search for a treatment for agues near the brackish waters that were known to cause the disease. He had noticed the astringent taste of willow bark previously, and compared it to the standard ague cure of âPeruvian bark.â The two were very differentâPeruvian bark was quinine. However, the willow bark did substantially ease fever and pain symptoms. In the 19th century, scientists attempted to isolate and purify the active components of many medicines, including willow bark. Eventually, in 1828, Johann Buchner obtained relatively pure salicin crystals. More attempts refined the process, and by 1838, an Italian chemist named Raffaele Piria found a method of obtaining a more potent acid form of the extract. Through the middle decades of the century, the use of such medications grew considerably, and physicians increasingly knew what to expect from these medicines.
There were unpleasant side effects, including gastric irritation, which came with taking willow-based medicines, which multiple chemists attempted to get around. In 1897, Felix Hoffman, a chemist working with Bayer pharmaceutical, successfully found a good method for producing pure acetylsalicylic acid. The Bayer Company was the first to effectively synthesize the pure product, without any additional chemicals. Gradually, the medicine rose to prominence through the effective advertising of Bayer, until it became the go-to remedy for pain and fever, and to this day it is still considered one of the most effective Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory (NSAID) drugs on the market. The side effects of the drug, including the potential for children to develop the often-fatal Reyeâs Syndrome and some bleeding risks (as part of the mechanism of action) along with competition from other pain relieving drugs, have more recently made aspirin less than universal in use, but it is still for many the go-to medicine for headache and fever, and many doctors prescribe an aspirin regimen as part of a plan to prevent stroke and heart attack.
The development of aspirin from a natural extract to a refined drug to a synthesized medicine demonstrates that the process of creating an invention can be extremely time consuming. The story of the Bayer company, and its success with aspirin, is a testament to the importance of marketing a new invention. Through persistence and patience, aspirin was developed into an indispensable medicine that went on to become a household name.
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