The Fantastic in Stephen Kingâs âThe Boogeymanâ - A literary analysis
Originally published in the Cavalier issue of 1973, âThe Boogeymanâ is a short story by Stephen King that was included in the collection Night Shift from 1978.
King tells the story of Lester Billings, a young man in his late twenties, who reports the death of his three children to a psychologist, Dr Harper. The troubled man mentions the boogeyman whom he believes to have killed his children.
The main story is told by a 3rd person narrator who defines the protagonist Lester Billings as a 28-year-old divorced man working for an industrial firm in New York. However, the narrator is not omniscient since the information is drawn from a recording of Nurse Vickers. Within the main story, Billingsâ account of himself and of his own past is narrated in first person:
We learn that he is not a Catholic, that he does not consider himself a freak or crazy, but he knows that other people would think that way. Therefore, the view on past events is subjective, limited, and unreliable.
The psychologist observes hints that Billings may be a disturbed alcoholic, that he has thin hair, pale skin, and looks old and worn out in general, which contributes to his troubled and nervous behaviour.
There are not any further facts about Dr Harper mentioned in the short story except that he is the one Billings wants to tell his story. However, it is obvious that he takes the role of a man of science and reason, trying to help the mentally distressed man.
This reasonable perspective is underlined by the fact that Dr Harper records the account with a tape recorder which can be later used as evidence of the truth. As a result, the reader gets the impression that the truth is told to a reliable man. Additionally, the story takes place in the psychologistâs office, a neutral, scientific place.
In contrast to that fact-based neutral side, Billings presents himself as a troubled, nervous, violent, conservative, and selfish man who believes in conspiracies and, at first, did not plan to have children with his wife. He occasionally beats his children if they put him under stress and is also tempted to hit his wife.
During Billingsâ account, Dr Harper observes that the patient is not able to relax although he lies down. Furthermore, he promptly starts grinning without any apparent cause, moves his hands impatiently, and changes his mood abruptly. Billings seems to be unpredictable and unsteady in his behaviour and mentally ill, moving far from reality. He also appears to be afraid and suspicious of the closet in the room.
When the patient tells his story, it becomes obvious that he considers having children a burden for himself and that he does not think much of his wife. He embodies the hard and cold father who thinks that children have to deal with their fear themselves instead of being comforted by their parents as Denny starts crying one night. Billings and his wife do not know the cause of Dennyâs distress, but the child mentions âthe boogeymanâ the first time. Billings does not believe in that and reacts rather angrily and fretfully. He even thinks of killing the child because of his annoying behaviour. Billings tells Dr Harper that it was a bad summer for him since he was tired all the time and drowsy the night Denny died. Only after the childâs death, Billings realises that he really loved him.
Billings is the only one to notice that the closet door stands open although he is convinced that he has closed it. This first hint introduces Billingsâ hesitation and doubt about the happenings of that night. He cannot explain why the closet has been opened and is not able to unite his own thoughts with the apparent reality. He even attempts to reassure himself and the doctor that he closed the door by reacting aggressively.
The need to convince himself and his opposite is derived from Billingsâ deteriorating perception he experiences because he is overtired, unhappy and stressed. On top of that, it irritates him that the open closet door could be linked to Dennyâs death.
A discrepancy is also notable between Billingsâ thoughts and actions. Alarmed by Dennyâs death, he thinks of letting his daughter sleep in the parentsâ bedroom but acts contrarily. When Harper replies to his explanation, Billings reacts rather maliciously and seems to feel attacked by his interruption. He emphasises that he wants to tell his own story in his own way. In doing so, he underlines his limited point of view, subjective perspective of the events, and his own troubled personality.
Additionally, Billings does not allow rational explanations given by Dr Harper in terms of his daughterâs word âcrawsâ. Harper suggests that the child is not able to say closet properly and expresses âcrawsetâ instead. In doing so, Harper maintains the loophole of reality in Billings account. Billings, however, does not consider this rational observation because he does not think much of doctors and science.
Moreover, he seems to create his own laws and explanations, and wants to live in his own reality in which he believes that his daughter wanted to say âclawsâ. In this way, his story matches his own thoughts and ideas of a monster lurking in the closet. In fact, he transfers his own anxiety and thoughts onto his daughter and, consequently, tries to prove his story.
Nevertheless, Billings experiences moments of hesitation since his visual perception does not correspond to his expectations: he does not see anything in the closet, and only guesses that there is something that has killed his children. What contributes to this hesitation, is the fact that the ones who mention something, either the boogeyman or the danger in the closet, are both children. This suggests that the fear of a monster in the closet rather originates in the childrenâs minds and that their imagination plays tricks on them. Adult rationality and childlike imagination are opposed to uphold the loophole of reality.
However, Billingsâ distressed and nervous behaviour challenges this possibility. Moreover, the children only mention the boogeyman in the presence of their father, which adds to the impression that all this could take place in Billingsâ imagination because there are no witnesses except the unreliable children. It is also notable that the monster only visits the children when Billings himself puts his offspring into the crib or is alone with them. This suggests that the monster may be a part of Billingsâ personality.
In this regard, Billings experiences the death of his daughter alone; there are not any witnesses like in the case of the first death. And again, he notices the accusation in his childâs eyes, contributing to his feeling of responsibility. After the dead body has been brought to the hospital, the father returns home alone because his wife had to be sedated and had to stay in the hospital. Billingsâ temporary isolation serves as the basis for the encounter of Billings and the monster. He has to be alone to deal with the monster, with the âitâ-part of himself.
Accordingly, during the following night, Billings dreams of the monster he is familiar with on account of the comic book Tales from the Crypt. He seems to be drawing the characteristics of the monster from that in the book. He explains that in the story a woman drowns her husband who comes back as a black-green monster with seaweed in his hair to kill her. Billings imagines the monster as something he has already seen in his childhood and lets it manifest itself as the sea monster.
Like the husband in the story, Billings considers himself the victim of his wife who decided for both of them to have kids and, therefore, has ended Billingsâ happy life. He feels that his views and opinions are ignored, that is why he believes in the conspiracy that she lied in terms of the contraception device to get what she wants, namely a third child. He even is relieved that they have time for themselves without the compulsory care of a child after his daughterâs death. It is arguable that he has turned against his wife and, in order to hurt her, killed the unwanted children, projecting his own deeds and thoughts to an alter ego â the monster.
He also offers a possible explanation for this when he mentions the bags in the closet that could be responsible for a childâs death because of asphyxia. He briefly mentions the bags as an explanation for why he, for sure, had closed the door of the closet. Furthermore, he denies Dr Harperâs rational explanation he offers about the dependability of contraceptive devices. Billings seems to ignore the possible scientific explanation; he rather wants to believe in conspiracies and in his own truth.
One year after their third childâs birth, they move to another place since Billings connects the bad events and memories to their old house. He projects his negative memories onto the place and is convinced that moving away will improve his life. In doing so, he disengages from his probable responsibility for his childrenâs deaths and blames the dark place and its demonic vibrations for the tragic events. The improvement and happiness that follows is only momentary so that after a while his sorrows start again. Once more, he perceives the change in the house, not in himself. He avoids opening the closets since he is afraid that something could lurk in it.
On top of that, he starts thinking that he can hear noises proving that there is a black-green and wet monster in there. He hesitates about that and is not sure if he really hears something or if it is his mind playing a trick on him. Billings also extrapolates only from his hearing the nature and appearance of the monster, another hint that the monster may only exist in his imagination. Additionally, Billings contemplates about whether the monsters he knows from his childhood, the Wolfman, Frankenstein or the Mummy, are real. This ambiguity and hesitation destabilise the laws of reality and make him doubt the principles of nature in general. Apart from that, Billings questions reality since he believes that bad luck comes in threes: he rather acts self-destructively and wants their misfortune to come true, which can be described as a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The third death is imminent when Rita has to leave the house to care for her sick mother. Billings is alone with his son and observes that the closet doors keep opening in the house. Again, contradicting thoughts and actions determine Billingsâ behaviour: He does not want to bring the child to his own room, but lets him alone in the end because he is convinced that the monster wants to take the child, not him. He even smiles when telling Dr Harper about this.
The fact that there is no need for him to be afraid of the monster adds to the argument that the monster is not real, but only an alter ego of Billings who would not hurt himself. Like a maniac, he anticipates the death of his son and only witnesses the terrible event by sound. Additionally, the father acts conflictingly to a caring and mourning parent since he does not hurry to his sonâs room, but leaves the house immediately and runs away without looking after him.
After placing an emergency call, he returns home and enters his sonâs room. The mix of fear, guilt, and shock makes him look into his sonâs eyes which seem to accuse him. However, he immediately notices that the closet door stands open, proving that the monster killed his son instead of him. Billings reports that the police believe him and do not accuse him of the murder of his children.
After Billingsâ account, Dr Harper ends the therapy and offers his patient to meet regularly in order to work on his guilty feelings and on processing his experiences. They say goodbye and Billings leaves the room but returns since the information desk is empty. When he re-enters the room, Dr Harper is gone, and he finds himself vis-ĂĄ-vis the monster, holding a mask of Dr Harpers face. The closet door is open, and the monster voices: âSo niceâ.
Throughout the story, both narrators, 1st person and 3rd person, used elements of terror to indicate the existence of a monster like strange noises or the constantly opening doors in the house. At the end of the short story, these elements change into the elements of horror by showing the monster explicitly. The voice of Billingsâ 1st person narrator and that of the figural 3rd person narrator seem to fuse into one, and therefore adding to the ambiguity of a reliable narrating voice. Without any witnesses, Billing is the only one encountering the monster, which can be considered as a fantastic element, transgressing the boundaries of nature and reality.
On the other hand, the monster may also be a manifestation of Billingsâ imagination, of his alter ego that he used to kill his children and the doctor in order to avoid taking responsibility. While telling his story, Billings seems to have opened up psychologically and is finally able to confront himself with his other half respectively the monster. He faces his illness, his inner monster that he imagines as the monster from the book and his dream. However, Billings initially says that he only wants to tell his story to control his guilt. Since he is not accused of murder, there is no need for him to rectify the events. Nevertheless, Billingsâ behaviour contributes to the notion that he is a mentally distressed man, suffering from madness and hallucinations.
On top of that, the protagonist keeps repeating the same sentence, namely that the closet door was open, just a crack, as if to affirm his words, the truth, and himself in order to gain credibility. Apart from that, the initial absence of hesitation regarding the psychologist turns into questioning the man of science when he apparently turns into the monster masquerading as the doctor. The readerâs belief in the doctorâs reliability is destabilised.
Finally, the ending of the story does not give any rational explanation of the events and, unlike many gothic stories, the narrator does not mind restoring a god-given order. The constant fluctuations in Billingsâ moods and behaviour reflect the recurring moments of hesitation that alternate with his forcefully looking for evidence that support his truth.
Using the fantastic element of the monster, King is able to transfer the protagonistâs inner conflict into the outside and visualises his distress by means of the monster. Accordingly, King employs the fantastic element in order to distort both the protagonistâs and the readerâs reality.Â