[T]he count of half a million Sinti and Roma murdered between 1939 and 1945 is too low to be tenable; for example in the Soviet Union many of the Romani dead were listed under non-specific labels such as âremainder to be liquidated,â âhangers-on,â âpartisans,â [&c. . .] The final number of the dead Sinti and Roma may never be determined. We do not know precisely how many were brought into the concentration camps; not every concentration camp produced statistical material . . . Sinti and Roma often. . . do not appear in the statistics.
Also, as the Auschwitz Memorial Book points out, Romanies were murdered unrecorded, sometimes by the hundreds, outside the camps, in the most numbers in the eastern territories, for which only scant records exist. As research continues, for example that being undertaken for Czechoslovakia by Polansky (Strandberg, 1994) or for Serbia by Ackovi (1995), the figures rise steadily higher. In order to estimate the percentage of total losses, we would have to know, in addition to the number of dead, the number of Romanies throughout Europe before 1933, and this we will never be able to determine accurately, although both Colliers Encyclopedia and the Encyclopedia Americana list the pre-war European Romani population as 700,000. A guess as good as any is that there were perhaps three million Romanies throughout the German-controlled territories at the period of their maximum extent, between one and one and a half a million of whom were murdered, i.e. between a third and a half of the population. The world population at the same time was probably ca. five million.
Only a few thousand survived in the Nazi-controlled territories, and none was asked to testify in behalf of the Romani victims at the war crimes trials. Reparations to Romanies as a people have yet to be made by the German government, which has only in recent years even admitted the racial motivation of the Nazi genocidal campaign against the Romani people.
The massive increase in neo-Nazi activity since the reunification of Germany and the collapse of Communism need not be elaborated upon here; it has been documented in a series of book-length treatments published by Helsinki Watch, and in a 50-page report by the Geneva-based U.N. Human Rights Commission. And in poll after poll, the Romani population in Europe stands as the prime target of both sanctioned and unsanctioned discrimination.  In 1995 alone, in the Czech Republic alone, there were over 450 documented attacks against Romanies, several resulting in death; those were only the reported incidents. There have been rapes and house-burnings in Romania and Bulgaria; letter bombs and booby-trap explosives have killed four Romanies and blinded and maimed many more. At the October, 1995 OSCE meeting in Warsaw, one of our delegates was hit and robbed by four youths on the street shouting racial epithets; another was turned back at the Polish border simply because he was a Romani, and as a result was not able to attend the meeting. The previous year, in the same city, a group of nine of us, all Romanies, were refused service in a restaurant.Â
One of the issues at the 1995 conference in Warsaw was the official protest of Romaniaâs resolution to replace the words Rom and Romani with Ăigan in all official documents. The word, which was a synonym for âslaveâ during the five and a half centuries of Gypsy slavery in that country, is as offensive for Romanies as the word ân*gg*râ is for African Americans. The Romanian governmentâs reason for this is that Romani sounds too much like Romanian, and outsiders might think that Romanians were Gypsies. In November, 1995, Amnesty International released a 62-page document on human rights abuses in Romania which referred in part to âreports about torture and ill-treatment by police officials [and their] violent abuse of power . . . Massive arbitrary measures against the Romani minority and the lack of protection of this group against racist attacks have continuously posed a problem since March, 1990.â The Romanian government has responded by declaring that âhereafter, slandering of the state and the nation will be prosecuted by imprisonment of up to five yearsâ (Romnews, No. 46, November 19th, 1995, p. 1.).
-- Ian Hancock, The Roots of Antigypsyism: to the Holocaust and After.