The traditional interpretation of [the binding of Isaac], for Jews and Christians alike, is that the point of the story is to show that Abraham is willing to sacrifice his child for the sake of his love of God.
There is one difficulty with this interpretation, namely that child sacrifice is consistently singled out in the Bible as the most heinous of all sins. According to the Bible itself, there is nothing noble, honourable or worthy of admiration about the willingness to sacrifice your child. That is what the pagans do. It is what the king of Moab did, and was rewarded by victory in war (2 Kings 3:27).
Abraham, whose original name Abram means âmighty fatherâ, is chosen âso that he will teach his children and his household after him to keep the way of the Lord by doing what is right and justâ (Genesis 18:19). Abraham was chosen to become the role model of father-as-teacher. To portray him as a man willing to sacrifice his child is at odds with everything else we know about the Bibleâs moral vision of parenthood and child sacrifice. So there must be another interpretation.
The answer is given by context. God consistently promises Abraham, Isaac and Jacob two things: children and a land. Seven times God promises the land to Abraham, once to Isaac, three times to Jacob. They are promised children: as many as the dust of the earth, the sand on the seashore, the stars of the sky.
Repeatedly, both promises are delayed and sidetracked. Abraham and Sarah have to wait until they are old before they have a single child. Sarah is infertile. So is Rebecca. So is Rachel. Repeatedly they are forced to leave the land, through famine or family conflict. The land does not become theirs or their childrenâs throughout the whole of the Mosaic books. Abraham has to haggle to buy a cave in which to bury Sarah. Isaac is challenged for using the wells his father dug. Jacob has to pay a hundred pieces of silver to buy the right to pitch his tent.
Something very strange is being intimated here. Children and a land are the most natural of all endowments. Almost everyone has them. What makes the patriarchs and matriarchs different? Only this: that what everyone else has naturally, they only have as the gift of God. Most couples have children. The matriarchs, except Leah, were all infertile. Their children were seen as the gift of God.
Likewise with the land. Most people have a land. What made Abraham different was that he was told at the beginning of his mission to âleaveâ his land, his birthplace and his fatherâs house. The patriarchs were nomads, Hebrews, travellers, outsiders. Israel becomes the people who have a land only by the grace of God. From this fact, the Bible, draws a remarkably legal conclusion. âThe land must not be sold permanently,â says God, âbecause the land is mine and you are but strangers and sojourners with meâ (Leviticus 25:23).
The Israelites do not own the land. They merely inhabit it, and their right to do so is conditional on their recognition that it does not belong to them but to God. And what applies to the land applies to children likewise. Abraham, whose name means âmighty fatherâ, is to live out an experience that will establish, once and for all time, that our children do not belong to us but to God. Isaac, the first child of the covenant, is the child who belongs to God. Only thus is parenthood to be conceived in the life of the covenant.
The trial of the binding of Isaac is ultimately about whether Abraham is willing to renounce ownership in his child by handing him back to God. That is what the angel means when he tells Abraham to stop, saying, âNow I know that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son.â
The story of the binding of Isaac is opaque to us because we take it for granted that children have their own legal identity and rights. But this is a very modern proposition indeed. Throughout the Victorian era, social activists had to work hard to mitigate the brutalities of child labour â children being sent down mines or working long hours in factories. In Roman law, the principle of patria potestas meant that children were the property of their fathers who had the legal right to do with them what they chose, including kill them.
Only when we take this background into account can we begin to understand that the binding of Isaac is Godâs way of teaching Abraham that patria potestas has no place in Judaism. The Bible is saying to the people of the covenant: Just as you do not own your land, you do not own your children. Thus is born the biblical idea of parent-as-educator as opposed to parent-as-owner.
This is also what the Bible means when it speaks of God as a parent. God is a non-interventionist parent. During the early years of his peopleâs history he intervened to deliver from slavery, but increasingly as they matured he too moved from parent-as-owner to parent-as-educator. God does not do our work for us. He teaches us how to do it for him. For God himself abides by the laws he gives us.
  â Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks ztâl, in The Great Partnership: God, Science and the Search for Meaning