Hapax Legomena

The Dii Consentes ( The 12 Major Gods )

Jupiter / Iuppiter /Jove (”father”) - Supreme god of the roman empire, ruler of all gods and men, ruler of the heavens, daylight, weather, justice and divine witness to oaths. 

Juno / Iuno (”young”) - Queen of the gods, protector of women, marriage, childbirth and the family. Protector & councillor of the Roman state. The month June is named after her.

Neptunus / Neptune (”wet, damp, clouds”) - God of water, the seas, horses and the roman cavalry. Races were held in his honour.

Ceres (”to grow”) - Goddess who looked after the growth and abundance of plant life. Patron of agriculture, horticulture, the harvest, and motherly love.

Vesta (”hearth”) - Goddess of the hearth fire and the home.

Minerva (”intellect”) - Goddess of wisdom, numbers, science, medicine, inspiration, dyeing and weaving, genius and war.

Mars (’male’) - God of war and father of the roman people.

Phoebus / Apollo - (”to destroy. strength, father light ”)- God of the sun, light, truth, music, healing, plague, prophecy and oracles.

Diana (”heavenly, divine”) - Goddess of the moon, the night, childbirth, wildlife, animals and hunting.

Venus (”love, sexual desire”) - Goddess of love, desire, sex, beauty, spring, gardens and vineyards.

Vulcan (”to flash”) - God of fire (especially destructive fire) and volcanoes.

Mercurius / Mercury (”to trade, wages”) - God of commerce, trade, profit, merchants, roads, travellers, athletes, dexterity and thieves.

Other Major Roman Divinities

Pluto / Dis (”wealth”) - God of the underworld, judge of the dead and a god of wealth.

Janus ( ”covered passageway” ) - God of gates and doors, beginnings and endings. The month January is named after him.

Bellona  (”war”)- Goddess of war. Accompanied Mars on the battlefield.

Quirinus (“spear”) - Mystery war god who was worshipped by the Sabines and had a popular cult following in Rome. Possibly Romulus deified.

Liber (“free”)- God of vegetation, male fertility, viniculture, wine and ecstasy. Guardian of plebeian freedoms. Worshipped alongside Libera and Ceres.

Libera - Consort of Liber. Goddess of wine, fertility and freedom. Worshipped alongside Liber and Ceres.

Flora (”flower”) - Goddess of flowers and spring. Protected the early blossoms.

Tellus / Terra (”earth”) - Personified goddess of the earth. The first mother.

Saturnus / Saturn - God of time and ages. Minor agricultural deity who sowed the seeds and ruled during the Golden Age.

Minor Roman Divinities (this list is not complete)

Aeolus - God of the four winds.

Aequitas (”equal, even”) - God of fair dealing, equality, conformity and symmetry.

Aera Cura - Goddess associated with the infernal regions and underworld.

Amor (also known as Cupid - ”love”)- Winged archer god of love. Son of Venus

Angita - Early goddess of healing and witchcraft

Antevorte - goddess of the future.

Antinous - Deified lover of the emperor Hadrian & god of homosexuality.

Aquilo (”the north”) - God of the north wind.

Aura / Aurae (”breeze”) - Divinities who symbolized breezes.

Aurora (”gold, dawn”) - Goddess of the dawn.

Auster (”southerly”) - God of the south wind.

Bona Dea (”the good goddess”) -  Popular goddess among the upper class. Goddess of female fertility and good health.

Bubona (“ox, cow”) Goddess of horses and cattle.

Clementia (”humanity”) - Goddess of forgiveness and mercy.

Coelus (”heavens”)- Personified god of the sky. The first father.

Concordia (”agreement”) - Goddess of concord and harmony.

Devera - Goddess that rules the brooms used to purify ritual sites.

Discordia (“discord”) - Goddess of strife and discord.

Disciplina - Goddess of discipline.

Dius Fidus (””) - God of oaths.

Epona - Foreign celtic goddess of horses, mules, ponies a donkeys.

Fama (”to speak”) - Goddess of fame and popular rumour.

Fauna - Goddess of Prophecy with ties to the forest and fields and the animals found there.

Faunus {“strangler”} - God of wild nature and fertility.

Favonius (”favorable”) - God of the western wind, the herald of spring.

Fontus / Fons (”source”) - god of wells and springs

Fortuna (”fortunate”) - Goddess of good fortune and luck.

Furor (”the anger”) - Goddess of anger and rage.

Honos (”honour”)- God of morality and military honour.

Invidia (”envy”) - Goddess of envy and jealousy.

Justitia (”justice,fairness”) - Goddess of justice.

Juturna (’nymph’) - goddess of lakes,wells and springs.

Juventus (”youth”) - Goddess of youth.

Lares (”homes”) - Deities who protected the home.

Larunda - Nymph who became Mother of the Lares.

Latona (”latium”) - Mother of Apollo & Diana. Goddess of Womanly Demure and Motherhood.

Lucifer (”morning star”) - God of the morning star ( Not to be confused with the hebrew god of hell )

Luna (”moon”) - personified titan goddess of the moon. Blended with Diana.

Lympha - Goddess of fresh water

Magna Mater (”great mother”) - Foreign Anatolian goddess of untamed nature and lions.

Maia (’daughter of atlas’) -The goddess of whom the month of May is probably named after. Associated with blossoming nature and spring.

Meditrina - Goddess of wine and health.

Mellona (”honey”) - Goddess of bees and honey.

Mens ( “mind”) - Goddess of the mind and consciousness.

Mors (”death”) - Personified god of death.

Muta (”change”) - Goddess of silence.

Naenia (”dirge”) - Goddess of funerals.

Necessitas (”unavoidableness,”) - Goddess of destiny.

Nox (”night”) - Personified goddess of the night.

Ops / Opis (”plenty”) - Wife of Saturn. Goddess of opulence and abundance. Worshipped together with her daughter Ceres at the harvest.

Orcus - God of the underworld, punisher of broken oaths. Sometimes interchangeable with Pluto.

Pales - Goddess of shepherds and flocks.

Patalena - Goddess or god who protects the blossoms.

Pax (”peace”) - Goddess of peace.

Penates (”inner part of house”) - Patron gods of the storeroom.

Pomona (”fruit”) - Goddess of fruit trees. Wife of Vertumnus.

Portunus (”swimming, crab ”) - God of harbours and ports.

Priapus - God of gardens, viniculture, sailors, fishermen, the penis, male fertility.

Proserpina (”to emerge”) - Goddess of Spring and queen of the underworld.Wife of Pluto and daughter of Ceres.

Providentia (”foreknowledge”) - Goddess of forethought.

Pudicitia- Goddess of modesty and chastity.

Robigus (”reddish”) - God who prevented agricultural disease.

Roma - Personified goddess of Rome.

Salacia (“salt, salty”) - Goddess of salt water and the depths of the ocean. Wife of Neptune.

Salus (”safety, salvation”) -  Goddess of safety and wellbeing.

Sarnus - God of the Sarno river.

Silvanus (”forest, of the woods”) - God of forests and fields.

Sol (’sun’) - Personified titan god of the sun. Blended with Apollo.

Somnia (“dreams”) - God of dreams.

Somnus (“sleep”) - God of sleep.

Summanus (”before the morning”) - God of the night sky and nightly thunder. His precise nature was unclear even to Ovid.

Tiberinus - God of the Tiber river.

Tellumo- God of earthly regeneration and reproduction. Consort of Tellus / Terra.

Terminus (“border”) - God of boundaries and borders.

Trivia (”three roads”) - Goddess of crossroads, graveyards, sorcery and witchcraft.

Ultio (“vengeance”) - Goddess of vengeance.

Vejovis - A god of healing. Believed to be one of the first gods.

Vertumnus (”green, seasons”) - God who symbolized the changes in seasons, protector of vegetation, gardens and orchards.

Vesper (”evening, supper, evening star, west”) - God of the evening star.

Victoria (“victory”) - Goddess of victory.

We may eat a lot of food additives, but most consumers know very little about them. These often misunderstood substances go by unwieldy names like “diacetyl” or “azodicarbonamide.” They are in everything from salad dressings to Twinkies. But how many of us actually know what they look like or, more important, what they’re doing in our food?

Ingredients, a new book by photographer Dwight Eschliman and writer Steve Ettlinger, seeks to demystify 75 common food additives, from acesulfame potassium to xanthan gum, by providing an easy-to-read encyclopedia of sorts of various food additives, their uses and their history.

‘Ingredients’: An Eye-Opening Look At The Additives In Our Food

As the UN looks to adopt new goals for the next 15 years, sub-Saharan Africa still lags behind other developing regions in poverty, health care and education.

1. The Global Goals are the world’s ultimate to-do list for the next 15 years.

The Global Goals are 17 goals to make this planet a better place by 2030. This means ending extreme poverty, fighting inequality and tackling climate change - sounds good, doesn’t it?

2. The Global Goals are the people’s goals. 

 The Global Goals were not compiled behind closed doors by a group of secret masterminds. They have been developed by all the 193 UN Member States, NGOs and people like you, all working together.

3. The Global Goals are – surprise – global.

The Global Goals tackle challenges for all countries across the globe. So whether you are in Nairobi or New York, in Berlin or Bangalore – the Global Goals are for YOU.

4. The Global Goals are hands-on.

The Global Goals are more than wishes for the future. They contain concrete plans on how to change the world, how to pay for it and how to make sure that everybody is on board.

5. The Global Goals will leave no one behind.

17 goals is a lot and there’s a reason why a nice round number like 10 would simply not be enough. The Global Goals  are for people young and old, for cities small and big, for people living in rural areas and people in busy cities… they will leave no one behind.

6. The Global Goals will eradicate extreme poverty.

This is not the first time the world has set objectives to end poverty. The Millennium Development Goals helped cut extreme poverty by half from their establishment in 2000 until today. That is a great achievement – but it is not enough! The Global Goals aim to end it in all its forms and everywhere by 2030. Not only that but they also want to ensure inclusive economic growth and environmental protection for future generations.

7. The Global Goals are one for all and all for one. 

No one goal is more important than any other and they all complement each other. For example: access to energy will allow a child to study at night. This energy might come from a solar source so this is also tackling climate change, and the solar panel industry might be helping a developing country grow their economy.

8. The Global Goals will change the way the world does business.

For too long, economic growth has been all about profit. The Global Goals want to transform the world economy so it works without violating workers rights and harming the environment.

9. The Global Goals will address climate change.

Climate change is one of the most pressing issues of our time and it affects every country on every continent. This is why the Global Goals aim to get everyone to tackle it together: governments, industries and, well, you.

10. The Global Goals need you. 

So that all sounds great - but what is the catch? Well, the world won’t change by itself. It’s not only up to governments to take action, it’s up to all of us - and that includes you. It starts with little things like the good old unplug-your-charger-when-done drill and there is much more.  

PHOTO: Gavin Heffernan and Harun Mehmedinovic  

Two Filmmakers Set Out to Capture the Last Mesmerizing Dark Skies