#vertical migration

Every night a great migration occurs, when counting total mass of animals involved it is the largest migration on the planet. This is the vertical migration of aquatic fauna from the depths to the surface waters. In large inland lakes this means that clouds of tiny crustaceans such as Daphnia are within arms reach every night for a creature capable of catching them. Pectenognathus pelecanus is a ctenochasmatid pterosaur that has capitalized on this available niche. They hunt by floating out upon the water and dipping their head below to sweep through dense patches of plankton. Their gular pouch is greatly expanded and highly elastic allowing them to gather a great deal of water before seiving. Their upper jaw is lined with thousands of thin, needle-like teeth that act as a filter, letting the water out and keeping the food in. Since their hunting is done at night their eyes have become very large and with a well developed nictitating membrane to help them see in dark waters. Peculiarly for a pterosaur, especially a long-bodied ctenochasmatid, P. pelecanus sleep perched within tree branches to avoid predators, a habit for which their webbed feet and claws are not well suited.

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Greatest Migration on Earth Happens under Darkness Every Day

Trillions of tiny animals may be coordinating their movements in ways that affect every organism on the planet

Every evening around the world trillions of zooplankton, many smaller than a grain of rice, hover hundreds of feet below the surface of the sea, waiting for their signal. Scientists long considered these tiny animals to be drifters, passive specks suspended in the ocean, moved by the whims of tides and currents. And yet, just before the sun disappears, the swarms begin to rise on a clandestine journey to the surface.

As they climb, clusters of other zooplankton join in: copepods, salps, krill and fish larvae. The multitudes remain near the surface at night, but just as the first beams of morning light begin to cascade across the sea, they are already turning back down to the deep. As sunset and sunrise slide from east to west every 24 hours—across the Pacific Ocean, then the Indian, the Southern and the Atlantic—swarm after swarm make the same upward journey, retreating as daylight returns.

Humans are mostly unaware of this daily aquatic movement, known as diel vertical migration, but it's the largest routine migration of life on Earth. Current estimates indicate some 10 billion tons of animals make these excursions every day. Some of them ascend from more than 3,000 feet below. It's an astonishing feat. For a quarter-inch fish larva, making a one-way vertical trip of 1,000 feet is the equivalent of a human swimming more than 50 miles—in just an hour or so. 

During the trip these animals pass through zones of ocean where the conditions are wildly different. At 1,000 feet the water is roughly 39 degrees Fahrenheit—maybe 20 degrees colder than the surface—and the pressure is about 460 pounds per square inch, more than 30 times what it is up top. Why would huge numbers of tiny animals make such an arduous trip every day?

Read more: https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/greatest-migration-on-earth-happens-under-darkness-every-day/

Trailer for the video by Superflex entitled, “Vertical Migration by SUPERFLEX.” This video (or bits of it?) will be shown on the north face of the UN building in NYC:

Excerpt from this story from the New York Times:

A little-known but crucial agent of carbon removal from the atmosphere — the siphonophore, which lives in what’s known as the twilight zone of the sea — will be highlighted during U.N. Climate Week in a video projection from a Danish arts collective.

The siphonophore is a bizarrely beautiful creature. Like a coral reef, it is composed of individual parts, known as zooids, which perform specialized functions. “Some are digesters, some are swimmers, some are reproducers,” Heidi Sosik, a senior scientist at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, said. “But they all get together. It is an interesting metaphor for humanity to think about.”

Next week, Sept. 21-24, in a light projection more than 500 feet high on the entire northern facade of the U.N. Secretariat building, a siphonophore will perform a sinuous, pulsating dance nightly between 8 and 11 p.m. Coinciding with the meeting of international delegates, who will discuss how to counter human-caused climate change, the video, “Vertical Migration,” is intended to draw attention to the animal’s deep sea carbon removal system.

“It’s an assembly where world leaders meet and decide the future of the planet,” Rasmus Nielsen, one of the three founders of the politically minded Danish art collective Superflex, which made the video, said in a Zoom interview. “It seems that they have forgotten to invite someone. It’s like a birthday party and you forget to invite an uncle.” What’s been overlooked, Nielsen said, are all the other species whose fate depends on human activities.

Superflex chose to highlight the siphonophore as a representative of the mesopelagic zone of the sea, known as the twilight zone, which receives little to no sunlight. The inhabitants of the twilight zone are eaten by showier creatures, like tuna and swordfish. But at least as important is their own activity as consumers, which removes carbon that would otherwise be released into the atmosphere. “They come up at night when they can hide from their predators and chow down on carbon-rich organisms, and go down when the sun comes up to hide out in this deep twilight zone,” Sosik said.

Click to read about the Megamouth

This week’s shark is strange and mysterious. The Megamouth Shark (Megachasma pelagios), as you can guess, has a bulbous head and large mouth that contains many rows of small hooked teeth. Since the discovery of the Megamouth in 1976, there have been many hypotheses about its evolutionary background based on its feeding apparatuses and other physical features. Its unique features lead to the…

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