The Modern-Day Diversity of Quakers
In the past 150 years, Friends in North America have diverged widely in faith and practice. While Friends as a whole can still generally affirm the belief and practices outlined above, divisions in North American Quakerism have become increasingly entrenched over the past century. At this point in time, there are five general perspectives to be found within the Religious Society of Friends: universalist Liberal, Christ-centered Liberal, conservative, evangelical, and fundamentalist. These perspectives are not well-defined, identifiable groups; rather, they are points on a spectrum that runs through North American Quakerism.
Friends of this perspective, while recognizing that Quakerism has historically been a branch of the Christian Church, do not believe that Quakerism is or should be limited to a Christian – or Western – understanding. Friends who hold this perspective often see Quakerism as a meeting ground for followers of various world religions – and of none at all. The Friends practice of worship in expectant silence is often seen as particularly conducive to interfaith dialogue, as people of all faiths can benefit from contemplation and grounded sharing.
Universalist Liberal Friends tend to put little or no emphasis on religious beliefs as a basis for membership in the local Meeting. Instead, adherence to Friends practices – however interpreted by the individual – is the cornerstone of participation in the Society of Friends.
In North America, Friends from this perspective are primarily found in the Liberal Yearly Meetings.
The Christ-centered Liberal viewpoint is that, while Quakerism should not be defined by any particular set of beliefs, the life and teachings of Jesus are central to their personal faith journey. Some Christ-centered Liberal Friends would self-identify as Christians; others would not. On an individual level, the perspective of Christ-centered Liberal Friends is different from that of universalist Liberal Friends; however, there is not necessarily any conflict between these two perspectives in their view of the Meeting community.
Christ-centered Liberal Friends are in general agreement with universalists in their view of the role of belief and practice. While Christ-centered Friends find the life and teachings of Jesus to be deeply significant for them as individuals, they are often comfortable co-existing in Meetings that have no common faith in Jesus. They see sharing in a loving community, relying on Friends practices, and listening for truth wherever it can be found, as a sufficient basis for membership in the Meeting.
Friends from this perspective can be found throughout the Religious Society of Friends in North America; especially in Liberal Yearly Meetings, but also in many Orthodox Yearly Meetings.
Friends who hold a conservative viewpoint (whether or not they are members of a Conservative Yearly Meeting) are in some ways similar to Christ-centered Liberal Friends. Both see Friends practices of waiting worship and decision-making as being central to their understanding of what it means to be a Friend, and both have a personal commitment to Jesus as Guide and Teacher. Unlike Christ-centered Liberal Friends, however, Friends from the conservative perspective hold that faith in Jesus Christ and fidelity to the Christian tradition are essential for the Meeting community as a whole. While seeking not to be legalistic about beliefs, Friends from the conservative viewpoint see common Christian faith – not only common worship and decision-making practice – as being the basis for membership in the Meeting.
Friends with a conservative perspective can be found in the Conservative Yearly Meetings, but also to some degree in the Liberal and Orthodox branches.
Evangelical Friends are those who have been influenced, to some degree or another, by the Protestant stream of Christianity that is predominant in North America. While in agreement with conservative Friends that Christian faith is crucial for the Meeting as a whole, evangelical Friends are more open to modifying Friends practice to better suit what they sense to be the needs of their local community. While most evangelical Friends still practice waiting worship, almost all evangelical Friends now include prepared elements in their worship services. Employing congregational singing and prepared sermons, Meetings with a predominantly evangelical viewpoint might, at first glance, appear similar to mainstream Protestant services. Some are even more experimental, including praise bands and electronic presentations.
The great majority of evangelical Friends employ pastors to assist with education, worship services and pastoral care of the congregation. But unlike in many other Christian churches, evangelical Friends pastors are understood to be servants of the Meeting. The local meeting for business is the ultimate decision-maker, with the pastor serving as an honored – but equal – member of the church.
There are Friends of an evangelical perspective throughout the Orthodox and Evangelical branches.
Fundamentalist Friends share a religious culture and self-understanding that is highly influenced by Evangelical Protestantism. Friends from the fundamentalist stream tend to have fully programmed worship services, in the celebration-oriented style of the wider Evangelical Protestant Church.
Fundamentalist Friends have a very high view of Scripture, holding the Bible as the primary authority in the life of the Church. They tend to assign more authority to the pastor than most evangelical Friends churches. In some cases, the pastor, along with a small group of leaders, serve as the primary decision-makers for the church.
Fundamentalist Friends can be found in the Evangelical branch, and to a lesser degree in the Orthodox branch.