The Arthurian canon is a body of medieval legends, romances, chronicles, and poetic traditions centered on King Arthur, a semi-legendary ruler associated with post-Roman Britain and the defense of Britain against Saxon expansion. Emerging between the early Middle Ages and the late medieval period, the tradition evolved from Brittonic heroic folklore and Welsh mythological material into one of medieval Europe’s most influential literary cycles. Early traditions portrayed Arthur primarily as a warrior and leader of battles, but over time the legend absorbed supernatural elements, prophetic traditions, Christian symbolism, and ideals of kingship and chivalry. Between the 12th and 15th centuries, writers across Britain and continental Europe transformed the Arthurian tradition into a vast interconnected literary world centered on Camelot, the Round Table, Merlin, Lancelot, Guinevere, Excalibur, and the Holy Grail. Geoffrey of Monmouth’s Historia Regum Britanniae (1136) established Arthur as a king of Britain, while French romance writers such as Chrétien de Troyes introduced courtly love, knightly quests, and the Grail tradition. Later prose cycles and English romances developed the tragic fall of Camelot and the moral collapse of the Round Table. By the time of Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur (completed c. 1470), the Arthurian canon had become a synthesis of heroic warfare, medieval kingship, Christian morality, romance, and tragedy that continued to shape later literature, art, and popular culture.
